periodontal diseases Intoduction Flashcards
what is periodontology?
The study of the periodontal tissues in health and disease; including the causes, prevention and treatment of diseases of the periodontal tissues.
what are the periodontal tissues?
Gingivae
Periodontal Ligament
Root Cementum
Alveolar Bone
where is the amelo-cemental junction/cemento-enamel junction?
junction between the enamel and cementum
- seal of tissue closing entrance to periodontal tissue
- junctional epithelium
what is the sulcus depth in healthy patients?
1-2 mm
what is periodontal health?
the outcome of the balance between bacteria of the dental plaque and the host Immune system
what is periodontal disease?
A group of diseases affecting the periodontal tissues, representing an immune reaction (innate and adaptive) to adjacent microbial plaque.
what is affected in gingivitis?
soft tissues only
what is affected in periodontitis?
soft tissues AND bone/ attachment
what can affect the progression of periodontitis?
- person
- location in mouth
what is inflammation?
biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
- pain
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- loss of function
what is important going into the future of periodontitis?
- awareness
- prevention
is there resolution of inflammation in periodontitis?
NO- because of continuous presence of bacteria
what is present in inflamed tissues?
Dilatation of blood vessels
Increased permeability of vessel walls
Inflammatory exudate
Emigration of white blood cells from
blood vessels into the connective tissue
what type of disease is periodontitis?
multifactorial with complex etiopathogenesis
what are risk factors involved in periodontitis?
general health:
- stress,
- fatigue,
- smoking
- diet
- medications
- hygienic habits
Function of immune system
Genetics
Additional pathological conditions:
- viral infections
- bacterial infections
- diabetes mellitus
- hypoxia
- liver diseases
what are acquired local risk factors for periodontitis?
- plaque
- calculus
- overhanging
- poorly restored restorations
what are systemic risk factors for periodontitis?
NON-MODIFIABLE
- ageing
- genetics
MODIFIABLE
- smoking
- diabetes
- stress
- medications
- hormones
- nutrition
- socioeconomic status
what are the three varying factors in bacteria?
- number
- virulence
- formation of the biofilm
what is a biofilm?
an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface and embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance
- they have resistance to antibiotics, antibacterial agents, and are hidden from immune system of the host
- they may form on living or non-living surfaces and can be prevalent in natural, industrial and hospital settings
what is dental plaque?
a type of biofilm
- sibgingival and supragingival
- polymicrobial
how does biofilm form?
- pellicle
- adhesion- trailblazing bacteria
- growth and matrix production
- mature biofilm microcolonies transition into metabolic complexes
what are keystone bacteria?
certain low-abundance microbial pathogens which can cause inflammatory disease by increasing the quantity of the normal microbiota and by changing its composition and by interfering with the host immune system
what is the keystone-pathogen hypothesis of gingivitis?
P. gingivalis impairs the host immune system in ways that alter the growth and development of the entire biofilm, triggering a destructive change in the normally homeostatic host-microbial interplay in the periodontium
