Period 6: Asia and Africa Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Indian National Congress?
A
- mostly Hindu political party
- established in 1885 to increase the rights of Indians under colonial rule
2
Q
What was the Muslim League?
A
- established in 1906 to advance the causes of Islamic Indians
- pushed for the creation of a Muslim nation named Pakistan
3
Q
What was the Amritsar massacre?
A
- 1919
- 319 Indians were slaughtered in Amritsar by British General Dyer during a peaceful protest in a city park
- the Indians were protesting the arrest of two of their leaders who also were only protesting
- the Indians were unarmed, surprised, and trapped within the walled park
- when news spread, Indians joined the independence movement by the millions
4
Q
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
A
- became India’s independence movement’s most important voice and organized huge protests against colonial role during the 1920s
- philosophy of passive resistance (civil disobedience) gained popular support
- raised Hindu but wanted mutual respect between Hinduism and Islam
- began to call for Indian unity above religious considerations in the late 1920s
5
Q
What was Gandhi’s passive resistance like?
A
- followers staged demonstrations and refused to assist the colonial governments instead of fighting with weapons
- massive boycotts of British imperial goods
- strikes ie. workers refused to act as labor for the British colonial government’s salt factories
6
Q
Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
A
- wanted to partition the Indian subcontinent and form a separate Muslim nation in the northern region, where Islam had become dominant
7
Q
How was India separated in 1947?
A
- separated into thirds
- India in the south
- Pakistan in two parts, one to the northwest of India (Pakistan) and the other to the east (East Pakistan, currently Bangladesh)
8
Q
How did South Africa become independent?
A
- established own constitution in 1910 and became the Union of South Africa, still part of the British Commonwealth but exercising self-rule
- under the constitution only white men could vote so the native Africans had few rights
9
Q
What was the African National Congress?
A
- organized in 1912 by educated South Africans
- effort to oppose European colonialism and specific South African policies
- similar to Indian National Congress
10
Q
Who was Gamal Nasser?
A
- general in the Egyptian army
- overthrew the Egyptian king and established a republic in the 1950s
- nationalized industries, including the Suez Canal
11
Q
Describe the different ways African countries fought for independence.
A
- the Algerians fought a war for independence from France (1954-1962)
- Nigeria and Ghana negotiated their freedom into a Parliamentary governing style borrowed from England in the early 1960s and adopted presidential systems after military coups
- Kenya negotiated its constitution with Great Britain under Jomo Kenyatta after coffee planters were unwilling to lose profitable property
- Angola and Belgian Congo overthrew colonial governments but got involved in civil wars or Cold War tensions
12
Q
What is the African Union?
A
- a political and economic confederation formed in 2001 to replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
13
Q
What happened in Rwanda in the late 1900s?
A
- the Tutsi governed the majority Hutu during German and Belgian colonial occupation
- became independent in 1962 and the Hutu revolted against the Tutsi leadership
- a military coup by the Hutu Juvenal Habyarimana in 1973 unseated the government and established a one-party republic in 1981
- Habyarimana was assassinated in 1994 leading to more conflict with the Hutu wanting revenge
- Hutu refugees were sent or fled to Zaire
14
Q
What was the Union of South Africa?
A
- formed the year after the South Africa Act of 1901
- combined two British colonies with two Dutch Boer republics
- black people were excluded from the political process
- residential segregation was enforced in 1923
- blacks were banned from work in jobs that whites wanted in 1926
- won independence from Britain in 1931
- apartheid established in 1948
15
Q
What is the system of apartheid in South Africa?
A
- divided the 80% blacks and the 20% whites in South Africa
- extended to the creation of homelands by the late 1950s which were areas that were “set aside” for blacks
- homelands were in the worst parts of the country
