Chapter 26 Flashcards
Yuan Dynasty
Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)
- ignored Chinese political and cultural traditions
Ming Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368 - lasted until 1644
- initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China
- sought to erase signs of Mongol influence and restore traditional ways to China
Hongwu
First Ming emperor in 1368
- originally of peasant lineage
- drove out Mongol influence
- restored position of scholar-gentry
Great Wall
Precedents dates back to 4th century bce
- first emperor of Qin dynsasty ordered construction during 3rd century bce
- Ming-dynasty Project
Emperor Wanli
Ming emperor who refused to meet with government officials
- indulged his taste for wine
- conducted BYU’s was through eunuch intermediaries
Eunuchs
Found favor with Ming empire Roa by procuring concubines for them and providing amusement
- as influence increased corruption and inefficiency spread throughout government and weakened Ming state
Manchus
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644 - which was the last of China’s imperial dynasties
Nurhaci
united the Manchu tribes into a centralized stare, promulgated code of laws and organized powerful military force in the early 17th century
- defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty
- preserves own ethnic and cultural identity by outlawing intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese and forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning Manchuria language
Emperor Kangxi
Fourth emperor of Qing dynasty - studied Confucian classics and sought to apply teachings through his policies
- also conquered and oversaw construction of vast Qing empire (conquered islands of Taiwan, conquests in Mongolia and Central Asia extended almost to Caspian Sea, imposes Chinese protectorate over Tibet)
- sought to forestall problems with nomadic peoples by projecting influence throughout central Asia
Emperor Qianlong
Kangxi’s grandson, continued expansion of Chinese influence
- sought to consolidate Kangxi’s conquests by maintaining military garrisons in eastern Turkestan
- encouraged merchants to settle there hoping it would stabilize region
- his reign marked height of Qing dynasty
- so much wealth that in four occasions he canceled tax collections
Son of Heaven
Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty
- acknowledges the ruler’s position as intermediary between heaven and earth.
Scholar-Bureaucrats
Scholar-officials that were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance
- required to pass civil service exams - highly educated in Confucianism
- dominated China’s political and social life
Civil Service Exam
In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty
- an exam based on Confucian teachings used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy
Filial Piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors
Foot Binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feet in order to make them smaller
- produced pain and restricted women’s movement
- made it easier to confine women to the household
- began in Song Dynasty but became popular in late Ming and Qing dynasties
- became most widespread in wealthy class
- helped strengthen patriarchal authority in Chinese families during Ming and Qing dynasties
Foreign trade
Global trade brought prosperity to China (particularly in early Qing dynasty)
- Chinese produced silk, porcelain, lacquerware and tea
- silk industry was especially well organized
- compensation for exports was primarily silver bullion which supported silver-based Chinese economy and fueled manufacturing
Yongle
Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia
- sponsored series of seven maritime expeditions led by Zheng He
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim
- entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa
Merchants
Bottom level of Confucian social hierarchy
- enjoyed little legal protection and government policy was always critically important to their pursuits
- yet often garnered official support for enterprises leading to blurred distinction between merchants and gentry
Guangzhou
a coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton
- houses official merchant guild
Zhu Xi
(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China
- stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action
Neo-Confucianism
A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China
- it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements
- was official ideology of Tokugawa bakufu by early eighteenth century
Nestorian Christianity
Branch of Christianity popular in Asia (spread via Silk Roads) which emphasized the human nature of Christ
- had established churches and monasteries in China as early as seventh century CE
Matteo Ricci
Founder of the mission to China
- Italian Jesuit who had the ambitious goal of converting China to Christianity, beginning with Ming emperor Wanli
- Brilliant learned man as well as polished diplomat
- his mastery of Chinese language and literature opened doors for other Jesuits
Jesuits in China
Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite
- had limited success
- made Europeans science and technology known to China and made China known to Europe
Tokugawa Shogunate
a dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867
- sought to lay foundation for long term political and social stability and provided generous support for neo-Confucian studies
Tokugawa Ieyasu
1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan
- established Tokugawa bakufu in 1600
- him and his descendants ruled Tokugawa dynasty until its end in 1867
Daimyo
Powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from hereditary landholdings
- shotguns sought to control them
- 260 or so daimyo functioned as near-absolute rulers within their domains
Policy of “Alternate Attendance”
Policy instituted by shoguns that required daimyo to maintain their families at Edo and spend every other year at Tokugawa court
- enabled Shoguns to keep eye on daimyo
Edo
Tokugawa capital city
- modern-day Tokyo
- center of the Tokugawa shogunate
Ukiyo
Aka “floating worlds” - centers of Tokugawa urban culture (entertainment and pleasure quarters)
Ihara Saikaku
One of the Tokugawa era’s best fiction writers and most prolific poets
- helped create new genre of prose literature
Francis Xavier
panish Jesuit
- traveled to Japan in 1549
- opened mission to seek converts to Christianity
Christovao Ferreira
Head of Jesuit mission in Japan who gave up Christianity due to Japanese anti-Christian campaign that tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave the islands
- adopted Buddhism
