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AP World History > Period 4: The European Rivals > Flashcards

Period 4: The European Rivals Flashcards

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1
Q

How was Spanish authority consolidated under one house?

A

In 1469, King Ferdinand from the Christian Kingdoms in northern Spain and Queen Isabella from the more Muslim regions of southern Spain married.

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2
Q

Who was Charles V?

A
  • grandparents were Hapsburgs and Ferdinand and Isabella
  • elected Holy Roman Emperor by German princes in 1519
  • held lands in parts of France, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany in addition to Spain
  • fought France for control of Italy and the Ottoman Turks for control of eastern Europe, leading to an expansion of Ottoman rule into much of Hungary
  • defended Catholicism from Protestantism in Germany
  • retired to a monastery in 1556
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3
Q

What happened after Charles V decided to abdicate the throne?

A
  • gave control over Austria and the Holy Roman throne of Germany to his brother Ferdinand I
  • gave the throne of Spain and jurisdiction over Burgundy in France, Sicily, the Netherlands, Spain’s claim in the New World, and Portugal to his son Philip II
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4
Q

Who was Philip II?

A
  • devoutly religious; oversaw continuation of the Spanish Inquisition, led the Catholic Reformation against Protestants, and supported an increase in missionary work in the New World
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5
Q

How did the Dutch of the Netherlands respond to Philip II’s religious advocacies?

A
  • the Dutch were Protestant and eager to develop their own empire and thus revolted
  • mostly Protestant northern provinces of the Netherlands gained their independence from Spain by 1581 and became known as the Dutch Netherlands
  • mostly Catholic southern provinces remained loyal to Spain (this region would later become Belgium)
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6
Q

How did Spain’s influence decline?

A
  • forces fighting for Catholicism in France fared poorly
  • the English defeated the once mighty Spanish Armada as it tried to attack the British Isles in 1588
  • got gold from the New World but spent its wealth quickly on wars, missionary activities, and maintenance of its huge fleets
  • glory days had passed by 1650s
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7
Q

Who was King Henry VIII?

A
  • ruled from 1509 to 1547
  • nullified the pope’s authority in England and established the Church of England under the 1534 Act of Supremacy and placed himself as head of that church
  • wanted to divorce his wife and marry Anne Boleyn to get a male heir but failed and got another daughter, Elizabeth I
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8
Q

What was the Elizabethan Age?

A
  • 1558 to 1603
  • boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World especially after the English fleet destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588
  • golden age in the arts overseen by Elizabeth I
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9
Q

What happened during the Elizabethan Age?

A
  • the Muscovy Company and the British East India Company were founded
  • Drake circumnavigated the globe
  • the first English colonists settled in the Roanoke colony in present-day Virginia
  • Shakespeare!
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10
Q

Who was James I?

A
  • came to power in 1607 after death of Elizabeth I
  • brought together the crowns of England and Scotland
  • attempted to reinstitute reforms to accommodate the Catholics and the Puritans but failed
  • Puritans (Calvinists) didn’t want to recognize power of the king over religious matters and James reacted defensively, claiming divine right
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11
Q

What occurred during James I’s reign?

A
  • many Puritans decided to cross the Atlantic
  • the Pilgrims established the Plymouth colony in 1620
  • Jamestown colony was founded
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12
Q

Who was Charles I?

A
  • rose to power in 1625
  • son of James I
  • agreed to sign the Petition of Right in 1628 because he was desperate for money from Parliament
  • ignored the petition after he secured the funds he needed, claimed divine right, and ruled w/out Parliament lmao
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13
Q

What was the Petition of Right?

A

The Petition of Right was a document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment.

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14
Q

What happened due to Scotland’s resentment toward Charles?

A
  • Scottish invasion of England in 1640

- Charles was forced to call Parliament into session which was known as the Long Parliament because it lasted till 1660

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15
Q

What was the Long Parliament?

A
  • led by Puritans
  • 1640 to 1660
  • limited the absolute powers of the monarchy
  • denied Charles’s request for money to fight the Irish rebellion in 1641
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16
Q

What happened after the Long Parliament denied Charles’s request for money to fight the Irish rebellion in 1641?

A
  • Charles led troops into the House of Commons to arrest some of the members, sparking a civil war
  • Parliament raised an army called the Roundheads to fight the king
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17
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

A

Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads and defeated the armies of Charles I, who were called Cavaliers. Charles I was tried and executed. Oliver Cromwell rose to power as leader of what was called the English Commonwealth, then after reorganizing the government, as Lord Protector.

18
Q

What was Oliver Cromwell like as Lord Protector?

A
  • ruled with religious intolerance and violence against Catholics and the Irish
  • encouraged Protestants to settle in Northern Ireland
  • led to resentment
19
Q

What happened after Oliver Cromwell died?

A

Parliament invited Charles II, the exiled son of Charles I, to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy. This was called the Stuart Restoration which lasted from 1660 to 1688.

20
Q

Who was Charles II?

A
  • closet Catholic
  • acknowledged the rights of people, especially with regard to religion
  • agreed to the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 which protects people from arrests without due process
21
Q

Who was James II?

A
  • brother of Charles II who took over after his death
  • openly Catholic and unpopular
  • believed in the divine right of kings
22
Q

What was the Glorious Revolution?

A
  • bloodless change of leadership in which James II was driven from power by Parliament
  • Parliament feared James II would make England a Catholic country
  • James II fled to France and was replaced in 1688 by his son-in-law and daughter, William and Mary
  • ensured that England’s future monarchs would be Anglican and that their powers would be limited
23
Q

Who were William and Mary?

A
  • the Protestant rulers of the Netherlands

- signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689

24
Q

What was the Hundred Years’ War?

A
  • 1337 to 1453

- drove the English from France

25
Q

What happened after the Hundred Years’ War?

A

France began to unify and centralize authority in a strong monarchy. However, religious differences stood in the way.

26
Q

What was religion like in France?

A
  • largely Catholic
  • during the Protestant Reformation, a group of French Protestants known as Huguenots developed into a sizable minority
  • Catholics and Huguenots fought throughout the mid-to-late-16th century until the Edict of Nantes
27
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A
  • issued in 1598 by Henry IV

- created an environment of toleration

28
Q

Who was Henry IV?

A
  • the first of the Bourbon kings who ruled France for nearly 2 centuries until 1792
29
Q

How did England and France differ during the 17th century?

A
  • France was ruled by a series of strong monarchs under the Bourbon dynasty
  • England went from monarchy to Commonwealth to Restoration to Glorious Revolution after Elizabeth’s death (hardly stable)
  • France’s Estates-General (a governing body representing clergy, nobles, merchants, and peasants) was not as powerful as the English Parliament
  • France’s Estates-General hardly met because the French kings ruled successfully under the justification of divine right
30
Q

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

A
  • Catholic
  • chief advisor to the Bourbons
  • primary political role was to strengthen the French crown
  • compromised with the Protestants (Huguenots) and even helped them to attack the Catholic Hapsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
  • wanted to end the Holy Roman Empire in order to make France stronger
  • established a new bureaucratic class
31
Q

Who was Cardinal Richelieu’s successor?

A
  • Cardinal Mazarin

- established a bureaucracy that prepared France to hold the strong position it would achieve in Europe under Louis XIV

32
Q

Who was Louis XIV?

A
  • inherited crown of France at 4 years
  • mother and Cardinal Mazarin ruled in his name until he reached adulthood
  • reigned from 1643 to 1715
  • called himself the “Sun King” and “The Most Christian King”
  • patronized the arts as they contributed to the glorification of France and its culture
  • declared “I am the State” and built the lavish palace of Versailles
  • never summoned the Estates-General to meet
  • revoked the Edict of Nantes, forcing many Huguenots to leave France
  • appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage the royal funds
33
Q

Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?

A
  • a strict mercantilist
  • wanted to increase the size of the French empire, thereby increasing the opportunity for business transactions and taxes
  • France was almost constantly at war to accomplish this
34
Q

What was the War of Spanish Succession?

A
  • 1701 to 1714
  • one of Louis XIV’s grandsons, Philip V, ended up inheriting the Spanish throne in 1701 which alarmed the rest of Europe because joining of Spain and France would be too much
  • England, the Holy Roman Empire, and German princes all united
  • Philip V could rule Spain but Spain couldn’t combine with France and France had to give up much of its territory to England
35
Q

What was religion like in Germany?

A
  • northern Germany went Lutheran during the Protestant Reformation
  • southern areas of the Holy Roman Empire stayed Catholic along with Spain and France
36
Q

What happened in Germany from 1450 to 1750?

A
  • the Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in the early 16th century
  • the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) devastated the region and significantly weakened the role of the Holy Roman emperors, leading to the rise of hundreds of nation-states in the region in the 1800s
  • by the 1800s the northern German city-states (especially Prussia) were gaining momentum and power
37
Q

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

A
  • 1555
  • intended to bring an end to the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants during the Reformation and counter-reformation
  • didn’t last
38
Q

What was the Thirty Years’ War?

A
  • began in 1618 when the Protestant territories in Bohemia (which was under the rule of the Catholic Hapsburg clan) challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor
  • this happened a lot but this time it grew bigger
  • France (under Richelieu), Denmark, and Sweden got involved but the actual fighting stayed within the German empire, negatively impacting Germany
39
Q

What was the Peace of Westphalia?

A
  • negotiated in 1648
  • the independence of small German states was affirmed and Prussia became the strongest of them
  • the Holy Roman Empire was reduced and its emperor, along with the Hapsburg family, was much less powerful
  • the Holy Roman Empire survived in name until 1806 but had hardly any power
40
Q

Who benefited from the 30 Years’ War?

A
  • France became most powerful country in Europe during the 1600s under Louis XIV (weakened in 1700s though)
  • Prussia, the Germany city-state centered in Berlin, which also controlled parts of Poland, eventually rose to dominate the Germany territories, unifying them into Germany

AP World History (33 decks)

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