Chapter 27 Flashcards
Shah Jahan
The emperor of Mughal India (another Islamic empire of early modern times)
Peacock Throne
Shah Jahan’s ornate throne, made with ten million rupees’ worth of jewels
Taj Mahal
Built over the course of 18 years as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth. Is a monument to the departed empress and to Shah Jahan’s islamic faith. (Built to symbolize the day when Allah would cause the dead to rise/undergo judgement before his heavenly throne)
Ottoman Empire
A dynastic Muslim state centered in modern-day Turkey. It was the longest lived of the Muslim empires, not disbanding until the early 20th century.
Safavid dynasty
Ruled a Muslim empire in early 16th century in Persia that never expanded its heartland in present-day Iran, but whose Shiite rulers challenged the Sunni Ottomans for dominance in SW Asia. prospered from trade because it connected trade routes to China, India, Russia, and Mediterranean.
Osman Gazi
Founded the Ottoman empire in 1289. Osman and his followers wanted to become Ghazi: Muslim religious warriors
bey
chief
Bursa
Anatolian city captured by the Ottomans who made it the capital of their principality. Developed into a commercial and intellectual center
Edirne (Adrianople)
Became a 2nd Ottoman capital and served as a base for expansion into the Balkans
Devshirme
An institution that required the Christian population in the Balkans to contribute young boys to become slaves for the Sultan of the Ottoman empire.
Janissaries
Slave boys from the Balkans who became Ottoman soldiers. Gained a reputation of loyalty to the Sultan.
Mehmed the Conqueror
Ottoman Sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 and expanded the empire
Ruler of 2 lands (Asia and Europe) and 2 seas (Mediterranean and Black Seas)
Constantinople
Became new Ottoman capital. Allowed for further expansion (later Istanbul)
Selim the Grim
Ottoman Sultan that expanded empire into Syria and Egypt
Suleyman the Magnificent
Sultan that promoted Ottoman expansion and made them a major naval power
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha
A Turkish corsair that placed his pirate fleet under the Ottoman’s flag and became Suleyman’s leading admiral.
Ismail
A 14-year old boy who left Gilan, entered Tabriz at the head of an army, and claimed the Persian Imperial Title of Shah. Made religion of his realm Twelver Shiism.
Safi al-Din
Leader of a Sufi religious order in NW Persia.
Safavids
The family of Shah Ismail who claimed to be descendants of Safi al-Din.
Twelver Shiism
The religious belief that there were 12 infallible imams (religious leaders) after Muhammad.
Qizilbash
“Red heads” refers to the Turkish followers of Ismail’s father who wore a red hat with 12 pleats in memory of the 12 Shiite imams.
Battle of Chaldiran
Selm the Grimm’s Janissaries invaded the Shiite Safavid’s territory and waged a critical battle that was disastrous for Safavids. The Ottomans had the upper hand because they were armed whereas the Safavids were not.
Tabriz
Safavid capital that was temporarily occupied by the Ottomans after the Battle of Chaldiran.
Shah Abbas the Great
Safavid ruler who moved the capital to Isfahan and encouraged foreign trade.
Zahir al-Din Muhammad
aka Babur “the tiger”. He founded the Mughal dynasty in India.
Akbar
Babur’s grandson who ruled Mughal empire and laid the foundations for future Mughal expansion in southern India.
Adham Khan
A powerful figure/commander of Mughal army who Akbar threw out a window after an argument.
Divine Faith
Syncretic religion supported by Akbar that saw the emperor is the ruler of all.
Avrangzeb
Mughal emperor who waged a relentless campaign to expand Mughal territory into S. India
Kanun
“Laws” issued by Suleyman.
Steppe Traditions
Laws created by Islamic emperors like Mehmed’s law that a ruler could legally kill off all his brothers.
Chinggis Khan
Ruler who revered his mother and first wife.
Hurrem Sultana
A Ukranian concubine (aka Roxelana) who Suleyman elevated to status of legal wife.
Mahd-e Olya
The wife of a Shah in Safavid Persia who was the de facto ruler.
Emperor Jahangir
Let his wife, Nur Janan rule Mughal empire.
Tobacco
English merchants introduced tobacco and it spread throughout Ottoman empire along with coffee.
Sultan Murad IV
Tried to outlaw coffee and tobacco in the Ottoman empire but failed.
Aleppo
City in Syria that became an emporium for foreign merchants and spice trade. Served as the headquarters for the English Levant Company.
Portuguese Goa
Center of a Christian mission in India
Sikhs
Combined elements of Hinduism and Islam to make a syncretic religion.
Dhimmi
“protect people” A policy extended to people conquered by Islamic empires who paid a special tax called “Jizya”
Millet
autonomous religious communities in Ottoman empire
Sinan Pasha
Genius architect who built for Suleyman in Istanbul. Built Suleymaniye by blending Byzantine and Islamic architectural monuments
Ali Qapu
The palace on the square in Isfahan with large balcony
Fatehpur Sikri
city planned and build by Akbar, served as his capital
Shaykh Salim Chishti
Akbar’s Sufi guru
Selim the Sot and Ibrahim the Crazy
Suleyman’s successors who taxed and spent in such excess that government officials murdered him (Ibrahim)
Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi
A Muslim Conservative Cleric who rebuked Akbar for his policy of religious tolerance
William Bedwell
English scholar who described Arabic as the only important language from Morocco to China
Piri Reis
Ottoman admiral and cartographer who produced large scale maps and wrote the Book of Seafaring
Printing Press
Jewish refugees from Spain introduced the printing press to Anatolia in the 15th century, and it allowed for people to cheaply produce books
Ahmadi
Poet who said Ghazi were the swords of Allah
Ghazi
Muslim religious warriors
Habsburg Empire
Suleyman fought the Habsburg Empire in Europe and eventually won Vienna.
Battle of the Mohác
Suleyman killed the king of Hungary in the Battle of the Mohác
Sufism
A mystical belief/practice to recover the intimacy of God and human souls.
Ibrahim Pechevi
An Ottoman historian who said that tobacco was used as medicine.
Isfahan
A commercial center and capital for the Safavids.
Gujarat
A province that Akbar took over in a campaign that enabled him to head off both Portuguese attacks and Ottoman intervention there.
Muslim Conservative Clerics
Objected any policies against Islam (ie. forced observatory destruction and closed the printing press company)
