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Epidemiology > Perinatal Epidemiology > Flashcards

Perinatal Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

Comparing disease levels between populations which differ in person, place or time.

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2
Q

What are the important elements of descriptive epidemiology?

A

Case definition

Case ascertainment

Population definition

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3
Q

What is case definition?

A

How you define who has got the disease

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4
Q

What is case ascertainment?

A

How you find out who has got the disease

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5
Q

What is population definition?

A

Who you explore disease rate in - how you define person, place or time.

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6
Q

What is perinatal epidemiology?

A

Epidemiology after 22 completed weeks of gestation to 7 completed days after birth. (UK 1 year post-natal).

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7
Q

What is the importance of perinatal epidemiology?

A

Identifying the effects of events during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome.

Effects of factors inherent to the pregnant woman’s voluntary harmful exposures during pregnancy,

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8
Q

What is the fetal origins hypothesis?

A

Proposed by David Barker in 1995
states that undernutrition in the womb during middle to late pregnancy causes improper fetal growth, which in turn, causes a
predisposition to certain diseases in adulthood.

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9
Q

What is fetal programming?

A

Events occurring during critical points of pregnancy may cause permanent effects on the fetus and the infant long after birth

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10
Q

What are the methodological challenges of perinatal epidemiology?

A

Randomising woman

Recruitment

Age, ethnicity, genes are non-modifiable

Multiple births from the same mother

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11
Q

How to calculate total birth prevalnce?

A

No. Cases (LB + FD + IA) / No. Births (live and still)

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12
Q

What is cases?

A

Cases of congenital anomaly in population

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13
Q

What is LB?

A

Live born

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14
Q

What is FD?

A

Fetal deaths from 20 weeks gestation

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15
Q

What is IA?

A

Induced abortion or termination of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis at any gestational age

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16
Q

What is a still birth?

A

A baby born dead after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy.

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17
Q

What is it called when a baby dies before 24 completed weeks?

A

known as a miscarriage or late foetal loss

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18
Q

What is a neonatal death?

A

Death among live born infants prior to the first 28 days of life.

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19
Q

When is early neonatal mortality?

A

0-6 days

20
Q

What is late neonatal mortality ?

A

7-28 days

21
Q

What is perinatal mortality used for?

A

Monitor deaths

Compare the quality of perinatal healthcare between countries

Indicator of obstetric care

22
Q

What factors affect perinatal mortality?

A

Genetic

Environmental

Diagnostic services

Methods of data collection

Termination of pregnancy options

23
Q

What is the biggest risk to pregnancy?

A

Maternal age

23
Q

What are the health and survival challenges to the fetus?

A

Abnormal placentation

Poor nutrition

Multiple births

Congenital anomalies

Infection

24
Q

What are congenital anomalies?

A

Birth defects, structural or functional present themselves at birth.

25
Q

What causes congenital anomalies?

A

Genetics

Teratogenic exposures to the intrauterine environment of the fetus.

26
Q

How can genetics cause congenital anomalies?

A

Large portions or entire chromosomes

Inheritance of abnormal genes

Sporadic mutations in one of the germ cells

27
Q

How do terarogenic exposures cause

A

Dietary deficiencies

Toxic effects

Maternal infections

28
Q

What is Zika Virus?

A

Virus transferred by mosquitos, causes birth defects when pregnant woman is affected.

29
Q

What are the health and survival challenges to the neonate?

A

Consequences of challenges to the fetus

Infectious disease

Infant death

30
Q

What kinds of consequences of challenges to the fetus cause neonate death?

A

Premature delivery

Low birth weight

Cerebral palsy

31
Q

What kinds of infectious disease presents challenges to the neonate?

A

Respiratory tract infection

Pneumonia

32
Q

What is infant death?

A

Sudden unexpected infant death

33
Q

What are the consequences of preterm birth?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus PDA

Developmental delay

Respiratory distress

Neonatal death

34
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus PDA?

A

Delay of closure to blood vessel diverting blood from lungs.

35
Q

What are the diseases of late pregnancy?

A

Pre-eclampsia

Fetal growth restriction

Pre-term labour

36
Q

What is pre-eclampsia?

A

Severe high blood pressure

Risk of kidney and liver problems

Stroke

Seizures

37
Q

What is fetal growth restriction?

A

Due to placental problems leading to inadequate fetal nutrition.

38
Q

What causes low birth weight?

A

Alcohol consumption

Use of cocaine

Multiple births

Preterm induction

39
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Term used to describe a group of non-progressive neurological disabilities in the development of human movement and posture.

40
Q

Where does cerebral palsy develop from?

A

Disturbance in the development

41
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Gastroschisis is a birth defect in which the baby’s intestines extend outside of the abdomen through a hole next to the belly button.

42
Q

When does gastroschisis occur?

A

Occurs during 4th week of development due to lack of meeting between lateral body walls of the embryo

43
Q

What is gastroschisis associated with?

A

Young maternal age

44
Q

How is gastroschisis treated?

A

Requires surgical treatment soon after birth

Fatal to the new born if left untreated

45
Q

What is the cause of gastroschisis?

A

Low social class

Smoking

Alcohol

Medications

Drugs

Urogenital infection

46
Q
A

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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