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Epidemiology > Diabetes and Obesity > Flashcards

Diabetes and Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is obesity?

A

Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

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2
Q

How is obesity measured mainly?

A

Body mass index also known as BMI

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3
Q

What is the BMI classification for adults who are underwieght?

A

Less than 18.5kg/m2

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4
Q

What is the BMI classification for adults who are a healthy weight?

A

18.5 to 25kg/m2

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5
Q

What is the BMI classification for adults who are overweight?

A

25 to 30kg/m2

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6
Q

What is the BMI classification for adults who are obese?

A

More than 30kg/m2

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7
Q

What does it mean for a child to have an over weight BMI?

A

Greater than 1 standard deviation above the WHO Growth Reference median

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8
Q

What does it mean for a child to have an obese BMI?

A

Greater than 2 standard deviations above the WHO Growth Reference median

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9
Q

Is BMI a good measure of obesity?

A

Only correlates with amount of total body fat

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10
Q

What are some other measures of obesity?

A

Fat distribution

Total and fat distribution

Body composition

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11
Q

What is fat distribution?

A

Body circumference and skin fold thickness

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12
Q

What is total and fat distribution?

A

BIA

DXA

CT

MRI

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13
Q

What is BIA?

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

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14
Q

What is DXA?

A

Dual X-ray absorptiometry

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15
Q

What is CT?

A

Computed tomography

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16
Q

What is MRI?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

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17
Q

What is body composition?

A

Hydro densitometry

Air displacement

Plethysmography

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18
Q

How have childhood obesity rates changed from 1975 to 2016?

A

Increased massively

19
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended

Increased consumption of ‘energy-dense’ food and drink

Decrease in physical activity and increase in sedentary behaviour

20
Q

What are some examples of health problems associated with obesity?

A

Diabetes

Blood pressure

CVD

Asthma

Sleep Apnea

21
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels, because of problems with the hormone insulin.

22
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

High blood glucose that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth

23
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune condition

24
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Mainly lifestyle influenced

25
Q

When does gestational diabetes occur?

A

Most common in 2nd or 3rd trimester

26
Q

What are the gestational diabetes risk factors?

A

Obesity

Previous birthweight over 4.5kg

Previously had it

Familial history

Eithnicty

27
Q

Which ethnicity is gestational diabetes the highest risk in?

A

Asian

Black

African-Caribbean

Middle Eastern

28
Q

What are some gestational diabetes consequences?

A

Macrosomia

Premature delivery

Pre-eclampsia

Jaundice

Type 2 diabetes in mother

29
Q

What is macrosmia?

A

High birth weight

30
Q

What can macrosomia lead to?

A

increased likelihood of induced labour or caesarean section

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes?

A

The immune system attacks the pancreatic ß cells that secrete insulin.

32
Q

What age is most affected by type 1 diabetes?

A

People under 40

33
Q

What is the treatment of type 1 diabetes?

A

Patients require insulin and blood glucose

34
Q

When is peak diagnosis age for type 1 diabetes?

A

Between 9 and 14 years old

35
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

Exact cause is not known

36
Q

What are some potential risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

A

Genetics

Family history

Viruses

Other environmental factors

37
Q

What are some consequences of type 1 diabetes?

A

Heart disease

Nerve, kidney and eye damage

Pregnancy complications

38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes?

A

Chronic condition causing excess glucose in the blood.

39
Q

What is the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A

Treatment of CVD risk factors

Suggested to be reversible via weight loss

40
Q

What has happened to type 2 diabetes prevalence between 1980 and 2014?

A

Quadrupled

41
Q

What are the type 2 diabetes risk factors?

A

Genetic predisposition

Ethnicity

Increased age

Previous gestational diabetes

Energy dense diet

Low physical activity

Overweight

42
Q

What ethnicity has the highest risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

South Asians due to body fat distribution.

43
Q

What are the type 2 diabetes consequences?

A

Heart disease

Nerve, kidney and eye damage

Slow healing

Hearing loss

Skin conditions

44
Q
A

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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