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Epidemiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of patterns, causes and effectsof health and diseases in defined population

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2
Q

Why is epidemiology important?

A
  • Crucial for understanding risks.
  • used for designing public health
  • vital for improving public health
  • underins much of evidence based medicine.
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3
Q

John snow?

A

Cholera outbreak
Map
Water source

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4
Q

Smoking?

A

British doctor study
The medical research council initiated a prospective cohort study
Statistical evidence linking smoking with increased lung cancer risk.

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5
Q

AIDS?

A

Cohort study
715 gay men for 8.6 years
Link to HIV positive

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6
Q

Cancer registry?

A

Population-based - include all cases from a defined geographical region and time period.
Improved survival
Proved seasonal variation
Socioeconomic disparities in survival.

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7
Q

What is bias?

A

Any systemic error in an epidemiological study that result in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease

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8
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Introduction of selection of participants in away that proper randomization is not achieved.

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9
Q

What ismisclassification bias?

A

Occurs when a study participant is put in the wrong category altering be observed association or research outcome of interest.

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10
Q

What is genetic epidemiology?

A

Study of role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and populations.
Gene-environment

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11
Q

What are incidence rates?

A

Probability or risk of disease in population over a period of time.

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12
Q

Why are incidence rates important?

A

Rates adjust for population size.

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13
Q

What is incidence?

A

A measure of the frequency with which a new case or a disease occurs in a population over a period of time.

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14
Q

How to calculate incidence rate?

A

New cases occurring during a given time period / population at risk during the same time period.

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15
Q

What is sex-specific incidence?

A

Calculated for females and males separately

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16
Q

What is age-specific incidence?

A

Calculated by age group (often 5 year intervals).

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17
Q

How is the crude incidence rate calculated?

A

Total number of cases / total population in the period

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18
Q

What is the problem with crude incidence rate?

A

Doesn’t take into account the age structure of the population and cannot be used as a comparison.

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19
Q

What is age-standardised rate.?

A

Summary or individual age-specific rates using an external population - standard population

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20
Q

What is a standard incidence population?

A

Per 100,000 persons per year.

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21
Q

In basic terms how is age standardised rate calculated?

A

Weighted average of age specific rates

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22
Q

What is i?

A

Age group

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23
Q

What is d(i)?

A

Number of cases in i-th age group

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24
Q

What is y (i)?

A

Population size in i-th age group

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25
What is W(i)?
Weight applied for i-th age group
26
What is d(i)/y(i)?
Age-specific rate for i-th category
27
How to calculate expected cases in standard population?
d(i) X w(i) / y(i)
28
How to calculate age-standardised rate?
Sum of d(i) x W(i)/y(i)
29
Why are age-standardised rates important?
Able to compare populations
30
What is prevalence?
Frequency of existing cases
31
How to calculate prevalence?
( Persons with given disease / condition during a specific time period) divided by (population during the same time periods )
32
What are mortality rates?
Probability or risk of dying in a population, over a period of time.
33
What is a death (mortality) rate?
A measure of the frequencywith which new deaths occurs in a population over a period of time.
34
What is perinatal mortality rate?
The sum of neonatal deaths and still births per 1000 deaths
35
What are material mortality rate?
The he number of maternal deaths per 1000 women or reproductive age in the population.
36
What is infant mortality risk?
The number of children aged <1 year per 1000 live births.
37
What is child mortality rate?
The number of deaths of children aged <5 years per 1000 live births.
38
What are relative risk?
Measures of disease frequency compared by calculating ratios – includes risk ratios and rate ratios
39
What is the purpose of relative risk?
Measures strength of an association
40
How to calculate risk ratio?
Risk (cumulative incidence) in exposed / Risk (cumulative incidence) in unexposed group
41
How to calculate rate ratio?
Incidence rate in exposed group / Incidence rate in unexposed group
42
How to calculate odds ratio?
Odds of disease in exposed group / Odds of disease in unexposed group.
43
What is the purpose of a rate ratio?
Comparison of 2 groups
44
How to calculate rate ration?
(rate for group of interest) / (rate for comparison group)
45
What does a rate ratio of 1 mean?
Identical risk in the 2 groups
46
What does a rate of more than 1 mean?
Increased risk for group of interest
47
What does a rate of less than 1 mean?
Decreased risk for group of interest.
48
What is the smoking example of rate rato?
Reference is non-smokers and interest is smokers and it shows increased risk of lung cancer when you smoke.
49
What is an odds ratio?
Estimate of risk from case-control studies
50
What is the purpose of odds ratio?
Measure of association – quantifies the relationship between exposure & health outcome from comparative study (case-control study).
51
How to calculate odds ratio?
(a x d) / (b x c)
52
What is a in the odds ratio calculation stand for?
no. of persons with disease & with exposure of interest
53
What is b in the odds ratio calculation stand for?
no. of persons without disease, but with exposure of interest
54
What is c in the odds ratio calculation stand for?
no. of persons with disease, but without exposure of interest
55
What is d in the odds ratio calculation stand for?
no. of persons without disease & without exposure of interest
56
What does a + c mean?
total no. of persons with disease (‘cases’)
57
What does b + d?
Total no. of persons without disease (‘controls’)
58
How to calculate standardized morbility?
Observed cases / Expected cases x 100
59
What are Standardised Morbidity Ratios?
Quantifying increase or decrease or mortality/morbidity/incidence in a study cohort relative to the general (or ‘average’) population
60
What is P-value?
measure of statistical significance
61
What does p value mean?
Probability of event occurring due to chance alone
62
What does a high P value mean?
The higher the probability that the observed event can be explained by chance

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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