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Epidemiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of patterns, causes and effectsof health and diseases in defined population

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2
Q

Why is epidemiology important?

A
  • Crucial for understanding risks.
  • used for designing public health
  • vital for improving public health
  • underins much of evidence based medicine.
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3
Q

John snow?

A

Cholera outbreak
Map
Water source

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4
Q

Smoking?

A

British doctor study
The medical research council initiated a prospective cohort study
Statistical evidence linking smoking with increased lung cancer risk.

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5
Q

AIDS?

A

Cohort study
715 gay men for 8.6 years
Link to HIV positive

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6
Q

Cancer registry?

A

Population-based - include all cases from a defined geographical region and time period.
Improved survival
Proved seasonal variation
Socioeconomic disparities in survival.

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7
Q

What is bias?

A

Any systemic error in an epidemiological study that result in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and risk of disease

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8
Q

What is selection bias?

A

Introduction of selection of participants in away that proper randomization is not achieved.

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9
Q

What ismisclassification bias?

A

Occurs when a study participant is put in the wrong category altering be observed association or research outcome of interest.

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10
Q

What is genetic epidemiology?

A

Study of role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and populations.
Gene-environment

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11
Q

What are incidence rates?

A

Probability or risk of disease in population over a period of time.

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12
Q

Why are incidence rates important?

A

Rates adjust for population size.

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13
Q

What is incidence?

A

A measure of the frequency with which a new case or a disease occurs in a population over a period of time.

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14
Q

How to calculate incidence rate?

A

New cases occurring during a given time period / population at risk during the same time period.

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15
Q

What is sex-specific incidence?

A

Calculated for females and males separately

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16
Q

What is age-specific incidence?

A

Calculated by age group (often 5 year intervals).

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17
Q

How is the crude incidence rate calculated?

A

Total number of cases / total population in the period

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18
Q

What is the problem with crude incidence rate?

A

Doesn’t take into account the age structure of the population and cannot be used as a comparison.

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19
Q

What is age-standardised rate.?

A

Summary or individual age-specific rates using an external population - standard population

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20
Q

What is a standard incidence population?

A

Per 100,000 persons per year.

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21
Q

In basic terms how is age standardised rate calculated?

A

Weighted average of age specific rates

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22
Q

What is i?

A

Age group

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23
Q

What is d(i)?

A

Number of cases in i-th age group

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24
Q

What is y (i)?

A

Population size in i-th age group

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25
Q

What is W(i)?

A

Weight applied for i-th age group

26
Q

What is d(i)/y(i)?

A

Age-specific rate for i-th category

27
Q

How to calculate expected cases in standard population?

A

d(i) X w(i) / y(i)

28
Q

How to calculate age-standardised rate?

A

Sum of d(i) x W(i)/y(i)

29
Q

Why are age-standardised rates important?

A

Able to compare populations

30
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Frequency of existing cases

31
Q

How to calculate prevalence?

A

( Persons with given disease / condition during a specific time period) divided by (population during the same time periods )

32
Q

What are mortality rates?

A

Probability or risk of dying in a population, over a period of time.

33
Q

What is a death (mortality) rate?

A

A measure of the frequencywith which new deaths occurs in a population over a period of time.

34
Q

What is perinatal mortality rate?

A

The sum of neonatal deaths and still births per 1000 deaths

35
Q

What are material mortality rate?

A

The he number of maternal deaths per 1000 women or reproductive age in the population.

36
Q

What is infant mortality risk?

A

The number of children aged <1 year per 1000 live births.

37
Q

What is child mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths of children aged <5 years per 1000 live births.

38
Q

What are relative risk?

A

Measures of disease frequency compared by calculating ratios – includes risk ratios and rate ratios

39
Q

What is the purpose of relative risk?

A

Measures strength of an association

40
Q

How to calculate risk ratio?

A

Risk (cumulative incidence) in exposed / Risk (cumulative incidence) in unexposed group

41
Q

How to calculate rate ratio?

A

Incidence rate in exposed group / Incidence rate in unexposed group

42
Q

How to calculate odds ratio?

A

Odds of disease in exposed group / Odds of disease in unexposed group.

43
Q

What is the purpose of a rate ratio?

A

Comparison of 2 groups

44
Q

How to calculate rate ration?

A

(rate for group of interest) / (rate for comparison group)

45
Q

What does a rate ratio of 1 mean?

A

Identical risk in the 2 groups

46
Q

What does a rate of more than 1 mean?

A

Increased risk for group of interest

47
Q

What does a rate of less than 1 mean?

A

Decreased risk for group of interest.

48
Q

What is the smoking example of rate rato?

A

Reference is non-smokers and interest is smokers and it shows increased risk of lung cancer when you smoke.

49
Q

What is an odds ratio?

A

Estimate of risk from case-control studies

50
Q

What is the purpose of odds ratio?

A

Measure of association – quantifies the relationship between exposure & health outcome from comparative study (case-control study).

51
Q

How to calculate odds ratio?

A

(a x d) / (b x c)

52
Q

What is a in the odds ratio calculation stand for?

A

no. of persons with disease & with exposure of interest

53
Q

What is b in the odds ratio calculation stand for?

A

no. of persons without disease, but with exposure of interest

54
Q

What is c in the odds ratio calculation stand for?

A

no. of persons with disease, but without exposure of interest

55
Q

What is d in the odds ratio calculation stand for?

A

no. of persons without disease & without exposure of interest

56
Q

What does a + c mean?

A

total no. of persons with disease (‘cases’)

57
Q

What does b + d?

A

Total no. of persons without disease (‘controls’)

58
Q

How to calculate standardized morbility?

A

Observed cases / Expected cases x 100

59
Q

What are Standardised Morbidity Ratios?

A

Quantifying increase or decrease or
mortality/morbidity/incidence in a study cohort relative to the general (or ‘average’) population

60
Q

What is P-value?

A

measure of statistical significance

61
Q

What does p value mean?

A

Probability of event occurring due to chance alone

62
Q

What does a high P value mean?

A

The higher the probability that the observed event can be explained by chance

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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