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Epidemiology > Cross-Sectional Study Design > Flashcards

Cross-Sectional Study Design Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Study purpose is to determine prevalence of specified outcome for population or subgroups at a particular point in time

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2
Q

What is the purpose of cross-sectional studies?

A

Used to estimate prevalence of specified outcome in a defined population.

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3
Q

What information do you get from cross sectional studies?

A

Provide picture of outcome & associated factors at one point in time

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4
Q

What kind of data is collected during cross-sectional studies?

A

Individual characteristics such as, expose or outcome.

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5
Q

When are cross-sectional studies used?

A

When the purpose of the study is descriptive

Often when a survey is used

No prior hypothesis

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6
Q

What is the aim of cross-sectional studies?

A

To describe a population or subgroup with regards to outcome & set of risk factors

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7
Q

Why can’t association be studied by cross-sectional studies?

A

Only carried out at one point so given no indication of the sequence of events.

No indication of when risk exposure occurred so no way to determine causality.

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8
Q

How can cross selection studies be helpful in association?

A

Can indicate an association exists, generally good for generating hypotheses for further

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9
Q

What could you refer to a repeated cross-selection study as?

A

Pseudo-longitudinal study

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10
Q

What is a sample frame?

A

Used to select a sample size

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11
Q

How are the sample frame and response rate used?

A

Determine how well results can be generalised to whole population

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12
Q

What is an optimum sample?

A

If sample selected used a random method likely to be very representative

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13
Q

What is the biggest problem in large surveys?

A

Nonresponse

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14
Q

How to minimise nonresponse?

A
  • Telephone & mail prompting
  • Second & third mailing of surveys
  • Letters stressing importance of replying
  • Incentives
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15
Q

Why does the biased response occur?

A
  • Greater concern
  • Person more likely to respond when they have
    particular characteristic(s)
  • Bias if characteristic related to probability of having outcome
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16
Q

Why is loss to follow up a problem?

A

Common problem in longitudinal studies, often amount of information collected is minimized.

But not an issue in cross-sectional studies.

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17
Q

What are the advantages of cross-sectional studies?

A
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Done in a short time span
  • Can estimate prevalence of specified outcome
  • Many outcomes & risk factors can be studied at once
  • No loss to follow-up
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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of cross-sectional studies?

A
  • Not easy to infer causal associations
  • Only presents situation at one point in time which may change
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19
Q

What was the objective of the cross sectional studies of coronary heart disease newc?

A

To compare coronary risk factors & disease prevalence among Indians, Pakistanis & Bangladeshis & together with Europeans

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20
Q

What were the main outcome measures of the cross sectional studies of coronary heart disease newc?

A
  • Social & economic circumstances
  • Lifestyle
  • Self reported symptoms & diseases
  • Blood pressure
  • Electrocardiogram
21
Q

What was the result of the cross sectional studies of coronary heart disease newc?

A

Bangladeshis have the biggest risk
A higher proportion of Pakistani and Bangladeshi men have diabetes than Indians.
South Asians disadvantaged in a wide range of risk factors.

22
Q

What was the main conculsion of the cross sectional studies of coronary heart disease newc?

A
  • It was previously thought that, apart from insulin resistance, South Asians had lower levels of coronary risk factors than Europeans
  • This study showed this to be incorrect
23
Q

How is obesity tracked in children?

A

Once your child’s BMI is known, it can be plotted on a standard BMI chart. Kids ages 2 to 19 fall into one of four categories

24
Q

What are the 4 categories of BMI?

A

Underweight
Normal Weight
Overweight
Obese

25
Q

What does it mean to be underweight?

A

BMI below the 5th percentile

26
Q

What does it mean to be normal weight?

A

BMI at the 5th and less than the 85th percentile

27
Q

What does it mean to be overweight?

A

BMI at the 85th and below 95th percentiles

28
Q

What does it mean to be obese?

A

BMI at or above 95th percentile

29
Q

What was the objective of the Greek children’s obesity cross sectional study?

A

Study aimed to assess overweight & obesity prevalence amongst pre-school children in Thessaloniki, Greece

30
Q

What was the design of the Greek children’s obesity cross-sectional study?

A
  • Cross-sectional survey
  • 1250 pre-school children
  • 2009-2010
  • Measurements – body weight, height, BMI calculated
31
Q

What was the results of the Greek children’s obesity cross-sectional study?

A
  • Overweight (including obesity) 20% - 30%
  • Obesity 5% - 13.5%
32
Q

What was the conculsions of the Greek children’s obesity cross-sectional study?

A

Overweight prevalence high in pre-school Greek children

33
Q

What is the aim of the military risk-taking behaviours cross-sectional study conducted in London?

A

To explore impact of deployment on risk-taking behaviours amongst military reservists

34
Q

What is the methods of the military risk-taking behaviours cross-sectional study conducted in London?

A

Self-reported questionnaire to assess hazardous drinking, risky driving, physical violence, smoking, A&E attendance

35
Q

What is the response of the military risk-taking behaviours cross-sectional study conducted in London?

A

Participants = 1710
Response rate = 51%

36
Q

What is the prevalence results of the military risk-taking behaviours cross-sectional study conducted in London?

A

Deployment is significantly associated with risky driving, smoking & physical violence

37
Q

What is the conclusions of the military risk-taking behaviours cross-sectional study conducted in London?

A

Important to consider the impact of deployment & military factors on the prevalence of risk-taking behaviours

38
Q

What needs to be noted when considering the military risk-taking behaviours cross-sectional study conducted in London?

A
  • Study limited – no causational
  • Confounding effects cannot be taken into account
  • Self-reported behaviours so bias
39
Q

What was the aim of the effects of the nets distributed in Sri Lanka to prevent malaria cross-sectional study?

A

To examine the patterns & predictive factors of long-lasting insecticidal net maintenance and use in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka

40
Q

What was the methods of the effects of the nets distributed in Sri Lanka to prevent malaria cross-sectional study?

A
  • Data from 530 households
  • Selected by multi-stage cluster sampling
  • Data statistically analysed to identify factors associated with proper maintenance at household level & with net use the previous night
41
Q

What was the results of the effects of the nets distributed in Sri Lanka to prevent malaria cross-sectional study?

A
  • 75% of households had used all their nets the previous night
  • 80% had used at least one net
  • 3% were maintaining nets to maximize effectiveness
42
Q

What was the conculsion of the effects of the nets distributed in Sri Lanka to prevent malaria cross-sectional study?

A
  • Practices could improve in places with low malaria transmission
  • Promotion of long-lasting nets over plain nets
  • Emphasis on techniques & significance of proper net maintenance
43
Q

What were the aims of the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A

To examine young women’s perceptions & acceptability of HPV vaccination & factors influencing acceptability in China

44
Q

What was the background of the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A

HPV vaccines very important in cervical cancer prevention programmes for young women

45
Q

What was the design of the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A

Cross-sectional descriptive study in Hunan province, China

46
Q

What was the method of the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A
  • 117 female undergraduates
    completed survey in 2012
  • Five parts to questionnaire
47
Q

What were the 5 parts of the questionnaire conducted during the the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A
  • Background information
  • Awareness & knowledge of HPV vaccine & cervical cancer
  • Attitudes to the vaccine
  • Psychosocial burden of HPV infection
  • HPV-related sexual stigma
48
Q

What were the results of the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A
  • Only 44% of participants were willing to be vaccinated
  • Low awareness & knowledge about HPV vaccine & cervical cancer
  • Intention to receive future vaccination associated with high levels of knowledge
49
Q

What were the conclusions of the HPV cross-sectional study conducted in China?

A
  • Low awareness & knowledge among young Chinese women about the value of the HPV vaccine
  • Social & cultural factors may influence young women’s intentions regarding future vaccination

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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