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Epidemiology > Health Information > Flashcards

Health Information Flashcards

1
Q

What is data?

A

Data are raw facts or observations (could be text, picture, sound, video) but have no value on their own

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2
Q

What is information?

A

Data that have been processed so that they are meaningful;

Data that have been interpreted, communicated to and understood
by the recipient

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3
Q

What is knowledge?

A

Knowledge is what is gained in the longer term when the impact and relevance of the information is ascertained

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4
Q

How do we get from data to knowledge?

A

OBTAIN facts for data
INTERPRET data for information
SYNTHESISE info for knowledge
APPLY knowledge for wisdom

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5
Q

How to create information?

A

Hypothesis

Where to get data?

Decide how to use and store the data.

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6
Q

What information does epidemiology require?

A

Outcome AND exposure

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7
Q

Where do we get appropriate information for an epidemiological study?

A
  • Routine data/existing data
  • Collect new data
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8
Q

What is GDPR?

A

General Data Protection Regulation

EU framework to regulate the collection, processing and storage of personal data

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9
Q

What are the Implications for obtaining consent from individuals to participate in research in GDPR?

A
  • must give ‘unambiguous consent to the processing of personal information’
  • must involve ‘clear affirmative action’ (no longer acceptable to have ‘opt-out’ consent)
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10
Q

What is routine (existing) data?

A

Usually collected for statutory or administrative purposes

Not collected specifically to answer any particular question

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11
Q

What types of demographic data?

A

Census and NHS

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12
Q

What is a census?

A
  • Conducted every 10 years
  • ONS produces annual population estimates
  • Data on everyone in a household
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13
Q

What is NHS administrative data?

A
  • NHS Digital holds information on every individual registered with NHS
  • Generally only available to the clinical team caring for patients
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14
Q

How is mortality data used?

A
  • Analyses by age, sex, marital status, occupation, social class
  • Analyses of mortality over time & place
  • Hypothesis generation
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Monitoring/surveillance of public health
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15
Q

What are the strengths of registrations?

A
  • Allows calculation of annual population estimates between census points
  • Birth and death rates
  • Calculate life expectancy
  • Very high capture rate
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16
Q

What are the limitations of mortality statistics?

A

What about the chronic disease burden and non-fatal illnesses.

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17
Q

What are some on-going self-reported health surveys?

A

*General Lifestyle Survey
*Health Survey for England
*National birth cohort studies
*Millennium Cohort Study

18
Q

What is general lifestyle survey (GLS)?

A

Annual cross-sectional survey since 1971

Collects info on housing, families, money, smoking and drinking.

19
Q

What is HES data?

A

Hospital episode statistics

All admissions, out-patient and A&E attendances at NHS hospitals

20
Q

What is Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)?

A

Provides anonymised primary care records for public health research

Longitudinal follow-up

High quality

Available for research

21
Q

What is a register?

A

A collection of data about patients with a specific condition – can be relatively small or national/international

22
Q

What are the advantages of registers?

A

Detailed

Longitudinal information

Patients identifiers

23
Q

What are the disadvantages of registers?

A

Require substantial resources (financial and staff)

Confidentiality;

Completeness

Accuracy

24
Q

What are the main uses on registers?

A

Patient care

public health

Research

25
Q

How are registers used in patient care?

A
  • Regular review and recall
  • Structured care programmes
  • Monitoring high risk groups
  • Managing demand and regulating access
  • Auditing treatment
26
Q

How are registers used in public health?

A
  • Surveillance
  • Planning healthcare provision
  • Monitoring health burden and impact of interventions
27
Q

How are registers used in research?

A
  • Descriptive studies
  • Hypothesis testing
28
Q

What is the Northern Region Young Persons Malignant Disease Registry (NRYPMDR)

A

All cases of cancer diagnosed since 1968 in the Northern Region in people aged under 25 years of
age

29
Q

What are some examples of epidemiological studies using NRYPMDR data

A
  • Incidence and survival studies
  • Paternal occupation and risk of cancer
  • Clustering of cancer cases
30
Q

What are clinical notes?

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Wide range of information
  • Depends on information recorded as to quality, usefulness and ease of access
  • Issues of record storage and consent
31
Q

What are the advantages of routine data?

A
  • Useful for generating hypotheses
  • Easily accessible
  • Regularly updated
  • Inexpensive
  • Data on large numbers of individuals
  • Standardisation over time
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of routine data?

A
  • Temptation to use them regardless of accuracy
  • Relatively inflexible
  • Differing age breakdowns, geographical boundaries
33
Q

How is new data collected?

A

Questionnaires

34
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

A set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers devised for a survey or statistical study.

35
Q

How to design a questionnaire?

A
  • Is there a previously validated questionnaire in existence?
  • Clear and simple language
  • Designed to facilitate recall
  • Include overlapping questions as a check
36
Q

How are questionnaires analysed?

A
  • Pilot it first
  • Quantitative
  • Qualitative
37
Q

What kind of bias arises in questionnaires?

A
  • Recall bias
  • Inter-rater bias
  • Selection bias
38
Q

What is a clinical examination?

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Clinical samples
  • Scans
  • Other examinations
39
Q

What is the purpose of diagnostic criteria?

A

Ensure all participants evaluated using same criteria

40
Q

What kind of bias arises in clinical examinations?

A

*Selection bias
*Recall bias
*Inter-rater bias

41
Q

What data types are there to be stored?

A
  • Electronic
  • Paper records
  • Film records
  • Clinical images
42
Q
A

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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