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Epidemiology > Exposure > Flashcards

Exposure Flashcards

1
Q

What do we measure?

A
  • Attributes and statuses
  • Behaviour and events
  • Beliefs and knowledge
  • Attitudes, opinions and reasonsW
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2
Q

What are the attributes we look into?

A

– Age
– Gender
– Marital/civil status
– Ethnic group
– Blood pressure, cholesterol level
– Personal and familial medical history

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3
Q

What classes as behaviour?

A

– Smoking
– Food and alcohol consumption
– Mode of travel to work

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4
Q

What is classed as an event?

A

– Being exposed to asbestos
– Having an operation
– Participating in health education event

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5
Q

What classes of beliefs and knowledge?

A

– Knowledge of causes of disease
– Knowledge of what constitutes ‘healthy behaviour’
– Self-efficacy

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6
Q

What classes as Attitudes, opinions and reasons?

A

– Satisfaction with health care services
– Reasons for engaging in risky behaviour

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7
Q

What is radon?

A
  • A natural radioactive gas
  • Comes from very small amounts of uranium that occur naturally in all rocks and soils
  • Can be measured by placing detectors
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8
Q

How do we measure?

A

Measuring instrument

Recording events

Response to questionnaires

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9
Q

What are proxy variables?

A

Often a proxy is used for the variable of real interest, if it is difficult or infeasible to measure the latter

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10
Q

What are the sources of measurement variation?

A
  • Characteristics being measured (lack of constancy)
  • Observer (lack of objectivity)
  • Measurement procedure (lack of precision between readings or congruency between instruments)
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11
Q

What is validity?

A

The degree to which an instrument is capable of measuring accurately what it purports to measure

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12
Q

What is reliability?

A

The degree of stability exhibited when a measurement is repeated under identical conditions

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13
Q

What is TP?

A

True positive

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14
Q

What is FP?

A

False Positive

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15
Q

What is FN?

A

False-negative

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16
Q

What is TN?

A

True negative

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17
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

The proportion with a positive result amongst those who truly have an attribute.

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18
Q

How to calculate sensitivity?

A

TP / (TP + FN)

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19
Q

What is specificity?

A

Proportion with a negative result amongst those who truly do not have attribute

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20
Q

How to calculate specificity?

A

TN / (FP + TN)

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21
Q

How to calculate positive rate?

A

FP / (FP + TN)

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22
Q

How to calculate negative rate?

A

FN / (FN + TP)

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23
Q

What is positive predictive value?

A

Proportion with a true positive result amongst all those with a positive result

24
Q

How is positive predictive value?

A

TP / (TP + FP)

25
Q

What is negative predictive value?

A

Proportion with a true negative result amongst all those with a negative result

26
Q

How to calculate predictive value?

A

TN / (TN + FN)

27
Q

What is a screening test?

A

Screening tests for the presence of a condition are often based on whether or not a continuous measurement is greater than a threshold

28
Q

How are screening tests examined?

A

A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

29
Q

What is a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve?

A

– a plot of sensitivity against 1-specificity

– the area under the ROC curve can be used to compare different tests

30
Q

What kind of validity assessments are there?

A

Judgement based assessment

Data-based (empirical) assessments

31
Q

What kinds of validity does judgement based assessment test for?

A

Face validity

Content validity

Consensual validity

32
Q

What kinds of validity does data-based assessment test for?

A

Criterion validity

Construct validity

33
Q

How to measure reliability?

A

Reliability can be measured by performing two or more independent measurements and comparing the findings using an appropriate statistical test

34
Q

What are some examples of approaches which ensure reliability?

A
  • Standardisation and calibration
  • Establishment of test-retest reliability
  • Random allocation of subjects to observers
  • Multiple measurements
  • Importance of examining by study sub-groups
35
Q

What are exposure assessment in epidemiology?

A

This is an important issue in both environmental and occupational studies, when examining whether there is an association between disease and prior exposure to certain agent(s)

36
Q

What are the characteristics of exposure that need to be kept in mind?

A
  • Identity
  • Intensity
  • Duration
  • Persistence
37
Q

What is the source-pathway-receptor-model?

A

Hazard

Exposure

Body Burden

Target Organ

Physiological effect

Clinical effect

Death

38
Q

What is exposure?

A

Presence of a substance in the environment

39
Q

What is concentration?

A

Amount of substance

40
Q

What is the cumulative exposure?

A

Summed amount of exposure over study period

41
Q

What is a burden?

A

Amount of substance in the body (organ tissue) at a point in time

42
Q

What is dose?

A

Amount of substance in the body during a specified time-interval

43
Q

What are considered personal exposure measurements?

A
  • Personal non-invasive exposure assessment
  • Biological monitoring
  • Dose reconstruction
44
Q

What is biological monitoring?

A

The measurement of exposure agents in bodily fluids or tissues

45
Q

What cautions need to be taken when using biological monitoring data?

A
  • May only reflect recent exposure
  • Subject to inter-individual variation
  • Subject to measurement error
  • Can add expense, logistical problems and ethical concerns
46
Q

What is dose reconstruction?

A

Collect other information to estimate the dose received

47
Q

What are the problems of personal level exposure assessment in epidemiology?

A
  • There may be multiple routes of exposure
  • It can be expensive and time-consuming
  • There may be mixtures of exposures
48
Q

What is misclassification?

A

The erroneous classification of an individual, a value, or an attribute into a category other than that to which it should be assigned

49
Q

What does misclassification arise from?

A

Bias and Imprecision

50
Q

What types of misclassification is there?

A

Differential

Non-differential

51
Q

What is differential misclassification?

A

The misclassification with respect to exposure (or disease) is dependent on the individual’s disease (or exposure) status

52
Q

What is non-differential misclassification?

A

The misclassification with respect to exposure (or disease) is independent of the individual’s disease (or exposure) status

53
Q

How to minimise the impact of exposure differential misclassification?

A

Level of misclassification higher for which group? Correct this

Consider potential bias

Not relying solely or largely on retrospective assessments

54
Q

How to minimise the impact of exposure to non-differential misclassification?

A

Raise the validity or reliability

Assess the level of measurement variability

55
Q
A

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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