Performance Maneuvers

Question 1

Step by Step Steep Turn

Answer 1

1. Perform pre-maneuver checklist
2. Cruise power at 2300 RPM, identify entry heading and altitude
3. Slowly roll into 45 ̊ bank (50 ̊ for commercial)
4. Maintain altitude and airspeed

(+ back pressure, + approx. 200 RPM)

( if you lose altitude =decrease bank 5 ̊, if you gain altitude = increase bank angle 5 ̊)

5. Roll out 1⁄2 bank angle prior to entry heading (approx. 20 degrees)
6. Clear Traffic and roll into different direction
7. Roll out 1⁄2 bank angle prior to entry heading (approx. 20 degrees)
8. Cruise checklist

Question 2

What is the recommended altitude for steep turn

Answer 2

1500

Question 3

Steep TUrn Do you need to be below Va Speed?

Answer 3

yes. Below 111

Question 4

Steep Turn What do you need to do if you are losing altitude or climbing?

Answer 4

decrease the angle of bank first, then increase back pressure and do the oppisite

Question 5

Steep Tur n why do you need more rudder and aileron pressure during the roll-out than you needed during the roll-in.

Answer 5

•you are going against the airplane’s overbanking tendency

Question 6

Steep turn

we steep the airplane enoug to create:

Answer 6

an over banking tendency

high load factors

perform the fastest rate of turn and shortest radius

Question 7

What does limiting load factor determine?

Answer 7

determines the maximum bank without stalling

Question 8

Discuss Aerodynmics of Steep Turns

Answer 8

As the bank angle increases,the vertical component of lift decreases, and the horizontal component increases.

In order to maintain altitude, back pressure on the yoke is needed to compensate for the decrease in vertical lift.

Back pressure will increase the angle-of-attack and lift this will cause increase in induced drag. To prevent losing airspeed, power is needed to compensate for the increased drag.

Outer wing moves slightly faster through the air then the inner wing and this creates asymmetric lift, causing the aircraft to exhibit an over-banking tendency. You may need opposite aileron to maintain your bank angle, and prevent over-banking.

Question 9

the load factor is the result of two forces:

Answer 9

centrifugal force and gravity

Question 10

what is centrifugal force?

Question 11

Why do you have to icrease lift when you tunr the airplane?

Answer 11

You lose vertical lift to horizontal lift and lose in lift

Question 12

why do you need to add power during a steep turn?

Answer 12

Back pressure to companste loss of lift will increase the angle-of-attack and lift this will cause increase in induced drag. To prevent losing airspeed, power is needed to compensate for the increased drag.

Question 13

Steep Turn Overbannking Tandency

Answer 13

• Because the outside wing is travelling faster, it will create more lift
• Just use small opposite aileron

Question 14

Discuss about the rate and radius of the turn in relation to steep turns

Answer 14

• Rate of Turn: Amount of time that takes to turn a specific number of degrees.
• Radius of Turn: The amount of horizontal distance used and dependent on both airspeed and bank angle.
• If you increase power, rate of turn will be larger and radius of turn will be larger.

Question 15

steep turn Torque Effect

Answer 15

That torque will cause more roll to the left, therefore you might need more opposite aileron and rudder during a left turn than so in a right steep turn.

Question 16

What is the objective ot steep turns?

Answer 16

develop the smoothness

coordination

orientation

division of attention

control techniques

necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits.

Question 17

Where do you need to look during the steep turn?

Answer 17

On the right seat: look right of the dahsboard during the left turn

Look right of the compass during the right turn

Question 18

What are the common erros of steep turns?

Answer 18

1. not clear the area
2. Inadequate back-elevator pressure as power is reduced, resulting in altitude loss
3. Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is reduced, resulting in a climb, followed by a rapid reduction in airspeed and “mushing”
4. Inadequate compensation for adverse yaw during turns
5. Fixation on the airspeed indicator
6. Failure to anticipate changes in lift as flaps are extended or retracted
7. Inadequate power management
8. Inability to adequately divide attention between airplane control and orientation

Question 19

What is Steep Spiral?

Answer 19

a constant gliding turn

a constant radius around a point

steepest bank will not exceed 60 degrees.

Question 20

what kind of skills Improve pilot techniques

Answer 20

power off turns

wind drift control

orientation

division of attention

Question 21

Why do we need to clear the engine?

Answer 21

Avoid fouled spark plugs.

Question 22

Step by step steep spiral

Answer 22

1. Altitude – at 3500’ AGL
2. Perform pre-maneuver checklist
3. Slow to best glide 73 KIAS
4. Clean Configuration
5. Choose visual reference point, note heading entry
6. Reduce throttle to idle
7. Track at least three constant radius circles around reference point
8. Airspeed - constant 73-80KIAS
9. Bank angle 55°- 60°
10. Clear engine once every 360° turn
11. Recover: Roll out an specified heading (visual reference)
12. Adjust DG to compass
13. Cruise checklist
14. Note: The DG will precess during this maneuver. Rely on visual references.

Question 23

Common errors on Steep Spiral Turns

Answer 23

1. Failure to adequately clear the area
2. Excessive pitch change during entry or recovery
3. Attempts to start recovery prematurely
4. Failure to stop the turn on a precise heading
5. Excessive rudder during recovery, resulting in skidding
6. Inadequate power management and airspeed control
7. Attempting to perform the maneuver by instrument reference rather than visual reference
8. Poor coordination, resulting in skidding and/or slipping
9. Inadequate wind drift correct
10. Failure to coordinate the controls, so that no increase/decrease in speed results when straight glide is resumed
11. Failure to scan for other traffic
12. Failure to maintain orientation

Question 24

What is the purpose of Chandelles?

Answer 24

to develops the pilot’s coordination, orientation, planning and feel for maximum performance flight and positive control techniques at varying airspeeds and altitudes

Question 25

Step by Step Chandelles

Answer 25

1. Perform pre-maneuver check list
2. Cruise power 2300 RPM, maintain altitude
3. Clean Configuration
4. Choose a reference point to left wing and make a note of the entry heading
5. Establish / maintain 30° bank
6. Full Throttle - Increase pitch to attain approx. 10 ̊-12 ̊
   
   1. 1st 90° of turn: bank = constant 30 ̊, Pitch = increasing to 10-12 ̊ pitch up
7. 90 point- maintain pitch- reduce the bank angle to attain level flight at 180 point
   
   1. 2nd 90° of turn: Pitch = constant 10-12 ̊, Bank = slowly decreasing to level flight
8. 180 ̊ point - wings level - minimum controllable airspeed (stall warning) - nose up attitude
9. Accelerate to cruise speed (85KIAS) - maintain altitude - cruise power 2300 RPM
10. Cruise checklist

Question 26

Common Errors of Chandelles

Answer 26

• Failure to adequately clear the area
• Too shallow an initial bank, resulting in a stall
• Too steep an initial bank, resulting in failure to gain maximum performance
• Allowing the actual bank to increase after establishing initial bank angle
• Failure to start the recovery at the 90° point in the turn
• Allowing the pitch attitude to increase as the bank is rolled out during the second 90° of turn
• Removing all of the bank before the 180° point is reached
• Nose low on recovery, resulting in too much airspeed
• Control roughness
• Poor coordination (slipping or skidding)
• Stalling at any point during the maneuver
• Execution of a steep turn instead of a climbing maneuver
• Failure to scan for other aircraft
• Attempting to perform the maneuver by instrument reference rather than visual reference

•

Question 28

Step by Step Lazy Eights

Answer 28

1. Perform pre-manuever checklist
2. Cruise power 2300 RPM, maintain altitude
3. Clean configuration flow
4. Choose a 45 ̊, 90 ̊,135 ̊ and 180 ̊ reference points (use the heading indicator to help you)
5. Simultaneously increase pitch and bank (VERY SLOWLY / LAZY)
6. 45 ̊ point – 15 ̊ pitch up and 15 ̊ bank
7. 90 ̊ point –level pitch - 30 ̊ bank
8. 135 ̊ point - 15 ̊ pitch down - 15 ̊ bank
9. 180 point- level flight-entry speed and altitude
10. Repeat in opposite direction
11. Back to Cruise

Question 29

Purpose of Lazy eights

Answer 29

Develops perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes, so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned attitude and airspeed

Question 30

Lazy Eights Common Errors:

Answer 30

• Poor selection of reference points
• Uncordinated use of flight controls
• Unsymmetrical loops resulting from poorly planed pitch and bank attitude changes
• Inconsistant airspeed and altitude at key points
• Loss of orientation
• Excessive deviation from reference points
• Using sight reference instead of true longitudinal axis of the aircraft (flight path)
• Watching airplane instead of reference points
• Allowing aircraft to drop nose on its own instead of maneuvering nose down at the 90 degree points
• OVER CONTROLLING THE AIRPLANE!