Performance and Limitations Flashcards
What are some factors that will affect both lift and drag?
wing area - both are proportional to the wing area. Flaps can change wing area
Shape of airfoil - upper curvature of an airfoil increased, lift increases. Lowering an aileron or flap can accomplish this. Ice or frost on a wint can distrub airflow changing its camber and disrupting lift
Angle of attack - as AoA increases, both lift and drag are increased
Velocity of the air - an increase in velocity of air passing over the wing increases lift and drag
air density - lift and drag vary directly with air density. As AD increases lift and drag increase.
What is torque effect
propeller revolves in one direction and an equal force is trying to rotate the airplane in the opposite direction. Greatest when at low airspeeds with high power and high AoA
What effect does torque reaction have on the ground and in flight?
in flight: acts around longitudinal axis tending to make the plane roll.
ground: acts around the vertical axis, puts more weight on left main gear, turns you left
What are the 4 factors that contribute to torque effect?
torque reaction of the engine and prop: prop rotates to the right (from cockpit perspective) and tends to roll or bank the plane left
gyroscopic effect of the prop: gyroscopic precession.
corckscrewing effect of prop slipstream: as it moves rearward the slipstream corckscrews and strikes the vertical stabilizeron the left side pushing the tail right and the nose left
Asymetrical loading (p-factor): @ high AoA the bite of the downward moving prop bladei s greater than the bite of the upward prop. It meets the relative oncoming wind at a greater AoA. There is more thrust on the downward blade on the right and yaws you to the left
RIGHT RUDDER RIGHT RUDDER RIGHT RUDDER RIGHT RUDDER
What is centrifugal force?
the equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction and it acts equal and opposite to the horizontal component of lift.
What is load factor?
ratio of the total load supported by the plane’s wings to the actual weight of the plane and its contents.
actual load divided by airplane weight/pull of gravity
example 60 degree bank = 2G’s
Why is load factor important to a pilot?
a. dangerous overload that is possible for a pilot to impose on the plane structure
b. increased load factor inscreases the stalling speed and makes stalls possible at seemingly safe speeds
What may increase load factor or max it out?
turns greater than 45 to 50 degrees in bank
turbulence leading to sudden increase in AoA
speed - the limit load factor can be exceeded by abrupt control inputs above manuevering speed
Define manuevering speed
the speed below which you can, in smooth air, move a flight control to its full deflection without causing damage.
maneuvering speed increases with an increase in weight and decreases with a decrease in weight.
Define loss-of-control inflight (LOC-I) and describe a situation that may increae the risk of LOC-I
significant deviation of an aircraft from the inteded flight path and often results in an upset attitude
maneuvering is the most common phase for LOC-I to occur but can happen in all phases. uncoordinated flight ,equipment malfunctions, pilot complacency, distraction, turbulence, poor risk management
What causes a stall?
excessive AoA - airflow seperates from the upper surface of the wing
What is a spin?
a maneuver in which the plan descents in a helical path while flying at an AoA greater than the critical AoA. Results from aggravated stalls in a slip or skid. In other words, you’re in a stall with either too much or not enough rudder and to a lesser extent aileron input
When are spins likely to occur?
Engine failure on take off during climb out - you try to stretch the glide to landing by increasing back pressure or make an uncoordinated turn back to the runway at low airspeed
cross control turn from base to final
engine failure on approach to landing
go around with full nose up trim
Go around with improper flap retraction
How do you recover from a spin?
Power to idle
Ailerons neutral
Rudder opposite to spin
Elevator forward
Once the spin rotation stops neutraliz the rudder and begin back pressure
What causes adverse yaw?
The down aileron produces more lift and drag than the up aileron. The added drag attempts to pull or ceer the nose in the direction of the raised wing.
