Perception and Environmental Ergonomics (chapt. 4)

Question 1

visual sensory system

Answer 1

eyes
visual system
sensory processing
visual search
reading
lighting

Question 2

stimulus light

Answer 2

our visual system is sensitive to a portion of electromagnetic spectrum. From a bit less than 400 nm to a bit more than 700 nm

Question 3

visual stimulus

Answer 3

attributes the visual stimulus and related perceptual phenomena

Physical Perceptual
wavelength—color/hue
amplitude—–brightness
purity————saturation

Question 4

color/hue

Answer 4

That is what we usually mean when we ask “what color is that”? The property of color that we are actually asking about is “hue”.

Question 5

CIE Color Model

Answer 5

The theory (by french org L’Eclairage (CIE) is based on the fact that our eyes contain three differ type of color receptors called cones they respond differ to wavelengths of visible light.

The differential response of the three cones is measured in three very variables x,y, and z in the CIE color model. This gives a 3-d model which is then projected onto one plane to give a 2-d graphic.

Question 6

amplitude brightness

Answer 6

Value- when we describe a color as light or dark we are discussing its value or brightness this property of color tells us how light or dark a color is based on how close it is to white.

Question 7

chromaticity

Answer 7

think about a color’s purity when describing its chromaticity or CHROMA this property of color tells us ow pure a hug is.

Question 8

saturation

Answer 8

how a color looks under certain lighting conditions. A room painted a solid color will appear different at night than in daylight.

Question 9

lighting terminology

Answer 9

intensity brightness of a source candela

illumaniance-amount of light falling on a surface unite:LUX

luminance-amount of reflected or emitted light per unit or projected surface area.Lux lemens per square meter

Question 10

lux meters (light meters)

Answer 10

instrument

Question 11

reflectance

Answer 11

various surface absorb different amounts of the incident light. Reflectance:the percentage of reflected to incident light. with the luminance in cd/m2 and luminance in Lx the formula is as follows

Question 12

Optic chiasma

Answer 12

nerves to creating an image

Question 13

eye

Answer 13

retina: actual receptor organs are the visual cells embedded in the retina. Consisting cones for color vision in bright light. Rods are highly sensitive for vision in dim light. Conceive only shades of gray between black and white.

contains about 130 million rods and 7million cones

fovea:a few degrees on either side of the optical axis with thin covering allowing the light rays to pass directly to the visual cells. Consist entirely of cones outside the foveal area there are considerably fewer cones

Question 14

visual field

Answer 14

the visual field is that part of ones surroundings that is taken in by the eyes when both eyes and head are held still.
a= zone of sharp vision angle of view of 7
b=middle field: vision unsharp angle of view from 1 degrees to 40 degrees
c=outer field:movements perceptible, angle of view from 41

Question 15

accommodation

Answer 15

accommodation means the ability of the eye to bring into sharps focus objects at varying distances from infinity down to the nearest point of distinct, vision the near point. An object is seen clearly only when refraction through the cornea and lens produces a tiny but sharp image on the retina, the three components forming an optical system.

Question 16

visual angle

Answer 16

the actual size of the object and the distance the object is from the eye

Question 17

visual perception

Answer 17

object of the same size at different distances may have the same visual angles

Question 18

speed and accuracy of accommodation

Answer 18

when the lighting is poor the far point moves nearer and the near point recedes, while both speed and precision of accommodation are reduced. The speed and the precision of accommodation decrease with age.

Question 19

adaptation

Answer 19

effects of light and dark surfaces on the retina

Question 20

eye movements

Answer 20

tremor-the continuously makes small movement which keeps the retinal image in slight motion. Without this continuous tremor the perceived image would fade away

mergence-eye movements are very precise and fast. An eye movement of 10 degrees maybe accomplished in about 40ms. For good vision the movements of convergence and divergence are of special importance

Question 21

contrast sensitivity

Answer 21

how faded or washed out an image can be before it becomes indistinguishable from a uniform field. Is a function of the size of spatial frequency of the features is the image. Not a direct relationship as larger objects are not always easier to see that smaller objects.

Deafined as the reciprocal of the minimum contrast between a lighter and darker spatial area that can just be detected.

• special frequency;high and low
• contrast
• illumination

Question 22

visual disabilities color blindness

Answer 22

red-green color blindness is common about 4-5%of the population. 8-10%of the male population is red-green colorblind

Question 23

color vision

Answer 23

cone cells are called red, green, blue based on the photo pigments are sensitive to different wavelengths of light

long wavelengths-red
middle “ “-green
short- “ “ blue

Question 24

colorblindness

Answer 24

when someone is colorblind, these is something wrong with one of their groups of photo pigments, usually the red (L) or green (M) which is why they are called red-green colorblind.

Question 25

processing model

Answer 25

bottom-up

top-down

Question 26

top-down perception

Answer 26

knowledge, expectations or thoughts influence perception

constructivism-we structure the world

perception is not determined simply by stimulus patterns; rather it is a dynamic searching for the best interpretation of available data

Question 27

bottom up pereption

Answer 27

physical characteristic of stimulus realism

Question 28

relative size

Answer 28

the more distant an object say a person is the smaller the image of that object will be on your retina, the back of the eye where we really been to see

Question 29

interposition

Answer 29

impression of depth

Question 30

textural gradient

Answer 30

the fineness of detail or texture that can be seen decreases systematically with increasing distance from the observer.

Question 31

relative motion

Answer 31

parallax is an apparent displacement of difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lunes of sight

Question 32

Luminous flux

Answer 32

energy per unit that is radiated from a source over visible wavelengths.

Question 33

Lumen (lm)

Answer 33

standard unit of luminous flux

Question 34

Luminous intensity

Answer 34

a light source emits its luminous flux with a different intensity depending on the direction it is shined. The luminous intensity is a measure of the energy emitted by a light source in a particular direction

Question 35

candela (cd)

Answer 35

standard unit of luminous intensity

Question 36

illuminance

Answer 36

the total amount of visible light illuminating a point on a surface from all directions above the surface

Question 37

lux (lx)

Answer 37

standard unit of illuminance (lumens per square meter)

Question 38

distance objects

Answer 38

without accommodation, the image of an object close to the eye would fall behind the retina, resulting in a blurred impression. To avoid this the ciliary muscle increases the curvature of the lens so that the image is focused on the retina. When we look at objects.

Question 39

the near point and far point

Answer 39

the shortest distance at which an object can be brought into sharp focus. The longest distance at which an object can be brought into sharp focus.

Question 40

Muller lyer Ilusion and ponzo illusion

Answer 40

looking at one thing and another thing that may seem bigger or smaller but are equivalent sizes. Gonzo is for shortening one point perspective goes into space.

Question 41

Type of colorblindness

Answer 41

1) Trichromatic (normal color vision) have their color vision based on 3 different types of photo pigment, one from each of the L,M, and S group.
2) Dichromats- severely colorblind are missing one whole group of phot pigment. Most mammals (including cats and dogs) have dichromatic color vision.
3) Monochromats- very rare) cannot distinguish between any colors.
4) Anomalous trichromats- mildly or moderately colorblind have color vision based on 3 different photo pigments, but from only 2 the photo pigment groups.

Question 42

depth perception

Answer 42

host of depth cue bottom up cues only effective for judging distance slat, and speed for objects that a are within a few meters form viewer.

liner perspective, relative size, interposition,light and shading, textural gradients, relative notion (motion parallax) top down influence

Question 43

linear perspective

Answer 43

parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge

Question 44

number of eye movements

Answer 44

the number of eye movements required when reading a book maybe as many as 10000coordinated eye movements per hour.

Question 45

visual reading field

Answer 45

the fovea and the adjacent on the retina pick up visual information from a rather small proton of the total print surface. The so called visual reading field.

Question 46

signal detection methods and theory

Answer 46

in a signal detection task, some event is classified as a signal and the subject’s task is to detect whether the signal is present.

On the occurrence of the trip; event, the subject sets the information presented and decides whether this informations sufficient to warrant a signal present response. Sample of information is assumed to provide a value along continuum of evidence states regarding like likelihood of the signal being present.
The noise trials form a probability distribution of states, as do the signal trials. The decision that must be made on a trial can be characterized as whether the event is from the signal or noise distribution.
The subject is presumed to adopt a criterion value of evidence above which he or she responds signal present and below which he or she responds signal absent.

Question 47

discrimination

Answer 47

ability to discriminate between one of the two signals rather than to detect the existence of a signal.

Question 48

weber’s law

Answer 48

weber’s law states the ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is a constant. So when you are in a noisy environment you must shout to beheard while a whisper works in a quiet room.And when you measure increment thresholds on various intensity backgrounds, the threshold increase in proportion to the background. The relationship between the physical magnitudes of stimuli and the perceived intensity of the stimuli.

Question 49

Artificial sources: Florescent tubes

Answer 49

produced by passing electricity through a gas (argon or neon) or through mercury vapor.