Cognition (chpt. 6)

Question 1

Human Information Processing

Answer 1

Attention
Input
Encoding 
Comparison
 Response selection 
Response execution
Output
Memory

Question 2

Short term memory & design

Answer 2

The number of that can be recalled correctly in order, varies as a function of the word length. The number of items that can be retained decreases as word length increases
Short-term Memory and Design
Minimize Working memory Load
Provide Visual Echoes
Provide Placeholder for Sequential Tasks
Exploit Chunking
Minimize Confusability
Avoid providing unnecessary Information
Consider Working Memory Limits in Instructions

Question 3

Long term memory & design

Answer 3

Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory: Improves with repetition of items and events.
Spacing Effect
Massed repetition (repeating the same item in a row) is less effective than spaced repletion

Question 4

Recognition versus recall interface design

Answer 4

We can recognize material easier than we can recall it from memory. The superiority of recognition over recall has an impact on interface design.

The amount of information users are required to recall must be reduced in favor of requiring them to recognize the information needed to perform
the task.
By using a graphical interface
Cognitive aides
Cognitive mnemonics (for example - clockwise
order)
Interface metaphors

Question 5

Mental Model

Answer 5

What is a mental model?
The greater the number of models that a task elicits, and the greater the complexity of individual models, the poorer performance is.

Internal information that you are bringing into your mind
Imagine a Elephant

Users do not always think the way we expect them to. People interpret the world based on their knowledge and past experiences the designers job to bridge the gap between users mental models and the implementation model

Question 6

Episodic Memory for events

Answer 6

eyewitness far from perfect 2-% an innocent person was chosen guilty accident analysis

Question 7

Information processing models

Answer 7

top down processing

bottom up processing

Question 8

Situation Awareness

Answer 8

xxx

Question 9

Measuring situation awareness

Answer 9

situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT)

Question 10

Situation Awareness in design

Answer 10

design of displays, accident analysis, training

Question 11

Problem solving and troubleshooting

Answer 11

people maintain

Question 12

Planning and Scheduling

Answer 12

dynamic system

Question 13

Meta cognition and effort

Answer 13

knowledge in the world and knowledge in the head meta cognition refers t peoples knowledge about their own knowledge and abilities

Question 14

Attention and time sharing

Answer 14

mental effort and resource demand, structural similarity, confusion, task management

Question 15

Memory and Attention

Answer 15

Memory and Attention
 Sensory Memory
Sight Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory

Limited Capacity
Encoding
Rehearsal and Storage

Question 16

Stimulus Contrast

Answer 16

As stimulus contrast, or intensity increases, reaction time decreases until reaching and asymptote.

Question 17

Feature Extraction

Answer 17

Stimulus quality, word priming and stimulus discriminability affect the feature extraction process.

Question 18

Threshold

Answer 18

Minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aware of a stimulus. Thresholds vary for different words expectations of the listener can change thresholds.

Question 19

Attention theory

Answer 19

Incoming stimuli, briefly held in a sensory register, undergo pre-attentive analysis by a selective filter on the basis of their physical characteristics. Those stimuli selected pass along a (very) limited capacity channel to a detection device where semantic analysis takes place. Those stimuli not selected (‘filtered’ out) are not analyzed for meaning and do not reach consciousness.

Question 20

Retrieval

Answer 20

Recall is better when subjects have to generate the to-be-remembered words. Events that precede or follow an event of interest can interfere with recall of that event.

Question 21

Long Term Memory Mechanism

Answer 21

Strength:
Frequency and Recency.
Association
Association with other meaningful item.
Working Memory and long-term memory
More available as a function of the richness or number of associations with other items
Forgetting
Decay (Strength & Association) occurs exponentially.

Question 22

Organization of Information in Long-term Memory

Answer 22

Schema and Scripts   
 Sequence of activities
   Mental Model
   Schema of dynamic system are often Called
mental model.
   Understanding of system component.
   Cognitive Map
   Mental representation of spatial information.
   Layout of the city.

Question 23

Schema Theory

Answer 23

Spoken or written text does not in itself carry meaning; rather, it provides directions for listeners or readers on how to use their own stored knowledge.
The goal of schema theory is thus to specify the interface between the comprehender and the text.
This involves both data-driven and conceptually-driven processes.
ImmanuelKantarguedthattheconceptsonlyhad meaning insofar as they could relate to knowledge that individual already possesses.