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cog psych > Perception 2 > Flashcards

Perception 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Visible light

A

Band of energy within the electromagnetic spectrum

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2
Q

Visible light wavelengths from

A

400-700nm

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3
Q

Different wavelengths of light are associated with different ____ ____

A

Color perceptions

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4
Q

Photons

A

Small pockets of energy that light consists of

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5
Q

Luminance

A

Number of photons per unit space

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6
Q

Absorption

A

As photons collide with particles of matter

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7
Q

Reflection

A

As light strikes opaque surfaces

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8
Q

Transmission

A

Light passes through transparent matter

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9
Q

What do simple chambered eyes use to project an image onto the retina

A

Convex cornea and lens

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10
Q

The human eye enables ____, which can represent the spatial structure rather than sum total of light

A

Directional sensitivity

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11
Q

_____ transduce light into an electrical potential

A

Photoreceptors

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12
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

Where visual signals flow through a network of neutrons to, and then out the back of the eye via the optic nerve

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13
Q

Two types of photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

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14
Q

Rods are located

A

Primarily in peripheral retina

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15
Q

Rods are capable of

A

Operating in low light levels, and can detect a single photon

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16
Q

Cones are concentrated

A

In center of center of retina (fovea)

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17
Q

Cones require ____ light levels to respond

A

Higher

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18
Q

Cones have ____ different _____

A

3, photopigments

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19
Q

Cones are sensitive to ____, ____, and ____ wavelengths

A

Short, medium, and long

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20
Q

Visual pathway consists of

A

Retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm > LGN > primary visual cortex

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21
Q

Bottom up

A

The retina doesn’t simply record light intensifies, responses are shaped processes occurring within the retina, most notably light/dark adaptation and lateral inhibition

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22
Q

Top down

A

The brain also uses knowledge about how light interacts with objects when determining perceived brightness

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23
Q

Brightness constancy

A

When someone perceives something as the same colors in both situations

24
Q

What causes brightness constancy

A

White color will reflect less light indoors than black color will reflect outdoors

25
Q

Light dark adaptation

A

Sensitivity of retina changes to adjust to brightness, and is reduced when it’s too bright and increases when it’s not bright enough

26
Q

Light dark adaptation makes it so the retina encodes _____

A

Contrast

27
Q

Contrast

A

The ratio of an objects luminance relative to the mean or background luminance

28
Q

Contrast plays a critical role in achieving

A

Brightness constancy

29
Q

Light/dark adaptations can produce ____ under some circumstances

A

Illusions

30
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Early form of information processing in retina

31
Q

Retinal ganglion cells receive both _____ and _____

A

Excitatory (+) and inhibitory (-)

32
Q

Retinal ganglion cells are

A

Arranged in a center surround configuration across the retinal image

33
Q

Lateral inhibition makes the visual system

A

Sensitive to changes in luminance

34
Q

The sensitivity to changes in luminance caused by lateral inhibition can have

A

Dramatic effects on perceived brightness

35
Q

Our visual system also uses knowledge of how _____ ____ with 3d objects when determining brightness

A

Light interacts

36
Q

Why does the world appear devoid of color under low light conditions

A

Only rod photoreceptors, which contain a single type of photopigment, are sensitive enough to operate

37
Q

Because light of different wavelengths and intensities can elicit identical responses, which

A

Makes it impossible to accurately signal different wavelengths

38
Q

S cones

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths (blue)

39
Q

M cones

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to middle wavelengths (green)

40
Q

L cones

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to long wavelengths (red cones)

41
Q

The relative outputs or the three cones allows

A

Unambiguous signaling of wavelength

42
Q

Monochromacy

A

Complete color blindness which is caused by having either 0 or 1 functioning cone type; extremely rare

43
Q

Dichromacy

A

Only 2 functioning cone types

44
Q

Protanopia

A

Type of dichromacy; missing L cones; 1% males 0.02% females

45
Q

Deuteranopia

A

Type of dichromacy; missing M cones; 1% males 0.01% females

46
Q

Tritanopia

A

Type of dichromacy; missing s cones; 0.002% males, 0.001% females

47
Q

Anomalous trichromacy is _____ ______ form of color perception deficiency

A

Most common

48
Q

Anomalous trichromacy

A

Defect in one of the cone types

49
Q

Protanomaly

A

L cone defect

50
Q

Deuteranomaly

A

M cone defect

51
Q

Tritanomaly

A

S cone defect

52
Q

Ishihara Color Test

A

test for color blindness

53
Q

Color opponency

A

Retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory + and inhibitory - input from different cone types

54
Q

Color opponency can be demonstrated using ___

A

Negative afterimages

55
Q

Our visual systems also try to achieve ____ by accounting for the intensity and composition of light hitting different surfaces

A

Color constancy

cog psych (10 decks)

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