Language & Reading 3

Question 1

Logical inferences

Answer 1

Depend only on the meaning of the words

Question 2

Bridging inferences

Answer 2

Establish coherence between the current part of the text and preceding

Question 3

Elaborative inferences

Answer 3

Embellish or add details to the text by making use of our world knowledge

Question 4

Constructionist approach

Answer 4

Readers typically construct a relatively complete mental model of the situation and events referred to in the text

Question 5

In the sentence: “three turtles rested on a floating log, and a fish swam beneath them.”, the inference would be

Answer 5

The fish swam under the log.

Question 6

With the sentence “three turtles rested on a floating log, and a fish swam beneath them”, the test sentence would be

Answer 6

“There turtles rested on a floating log, and a fish swam beneath it.”

Question 7

Experiment against the constructionist approach, participants read a story about a dictator named Gerald Martin and one week later they were told before a memory test that the story had really been about Hitler. The findings were that

Answer 7

Participants mistakenly recognized sentences relevant to Hitler that hadn’t appeared in the original story

Question 8

Inferences are either ____ or ____

Answer 8

Automatic or strategic

Question 9

Some automatic inferences establish ______

Answer 9

Local coherence

Question 10

Other automatic inferences rely on

Answer 10

Info in text

Question 11

Strategic inferences are formed in

Answer 11

Pursuit of reader’s goals

Question 12

Most elaborative inferences

Answer 12

Are made at recall

Question 13

Minimalist hypothesis

Answer 13

Readers make inferences, either automatic (which are made from info in text or establish local coherence) or strategic (made in pursuit of the readers goals)

Question 14

Minimalist hypothesis support experiment

Answer 14

Two groups were asked to read a sentence about people at a restaurant and someone asks the waiter to bring the check. The first group was asked to read for reading comprehension and the second group was asked to read to anticipate what might happen

Question 15

Minimalist hypothesis support findings

Answer 15

Group 2 drew more elaborative inferences and more quickly than group 1

Question 16

Minimalist hypothesis experiment against

Answer 16

Texts were compared in which the goal of the main character was explicitly stated or only implied

Question 17

Minimalist hypothesis experiment against findings

Answer 17

Readers took longer to read a sentence describing an inconsistent action than one describing a consistent action, regardless of whether the goal was explicit or implicit. Thus, readers inferred the character’s goal even when it was only implied.

Question 18

Event index model

Answer 18

Readers keep track of number of things in a story (protagonist, temporality, causality, spatiality, intentionality)

Question 19

Event index model evidence

Answer 19

Participants were presented with passages describing four events, which were either described in non chronological order or chronological order, with the first event being mentioned as a flashback between the third and fourth event

Question 20

The event index model evidence experiment findings

Answer 20

The duration of the second event influenced the speed in which the first event would be accessed, and the first event was less accessible if the text implied that it occurred relatively long time ago in the described world compared with when it occurred a shorter time ago

Question 21

Event index model strengths

Answer 21

Identified key processes involved in creating and updating situation models

Question 22

Event index model evaluation weakness

Answer 22

Has little to say about the nature of the internal representation that is built by readers and listeners in order to understand language

Question 23

The schemas stored in long term memory

Answer 23

Include scripts and frames

Question 24

Scripts

Answer 24

Deal with knowledge about particular events and consequences of events

Question 25

Frames

Answer 25

Knowledge structures relating to some aspect of the world, they consist of fixed structural info and slots for variable info

Question 26

Evidence for neuroimaging: people made affective judgements about positive and negative words by pulling or pushing a lever and

Answer 26

push responses faster for negative stimuli, pull responses faster for positive stimuli

Question 27

Affect movement compatibility effect

Answer 27

Positive emotional stimuli prime approach behaviors and negative emotional stimuli prepare the body to avoid

Question 28

Affect; inducing emotional states can

Answer 28

Influence language comprehension

Question 29

Simulations approach strengths

Answer 29

Framework for explaining the nature of the internal representation created by readers and listeners in order to understand language

Question 30

Simulations approach weakness

Answer 30

It’s unknown whether experiential simulations approach applies under all circumstances

Question 31

Theories of figurative language processing

Answer 31

Standard pragmatic view, graded salience hypothesis, direct access view

Question 32

Standard pragmatic view of irony

Answer 32

Literal meaning is accessed first, mismatched with context is detected, the utterance is then reanalyzed as being ironic

Question 33

Graded salience view of irony

Answer 33

For familiar ironies, the irony is automatic, but for less familiar ironies, the literal meaning is accessed first and then reanalyzed

Question 34

Direct access view of irony

Answer 34

Ironic meaning can be accessed without accessing the literal meaning first