Memory 1&2

Question 1

Free recall

Answer 1

Reproducing material from memory in an unconstrained way

Question 2

Cued recall

Answer 2

Reproducing a specific item from memory when produced with a specific cue

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

Deciding whether you have seen something previously when it’s presented to you again

Question 4

Explicit tests of memory

Answer 4

Free recall, cued recall, recognition

Question 5

You can also use ____ memory tests where the participant doesn’t know their memory is being tested

Answer 5

Implicit

Question 6

Relearning

Answer 6

Example of an implicit memory test

Question 7

Atkinson & Shiffrin describe a clear split between 3 memory systems

Answer 7

Sensory registers, short term store, long term store

Question 8

Sensory registers

Answer 8

Brief sensory stores

Question 9

Short term store

Answer 9

Primary memory held for seconds, maintained by rehearsal. Limited capacity, limited duration

Question 10

Long term store

Answer 10

Secondary memory, unlimited capacity and duration

Question 11

Jevon’s the power of numerical discrimination

Answer 11

Throw beans onto black tray containing a white box, and how many beans are in the white box? Accurate up to about 8- for 9 and above he was right only half the time

Question 12

Averbach study sensory memories

Answer 12

Uses a Tachistoscope to display patterns of dots for brief intervals masked by a subsequent erasing pattern (Backwards Masking). Estimated of dots as a function of total number and variable interval (ms)

Question 13

William James developed the idea of different types of memory, which were

Answer 13

Primary memory and secondary memory

Question 14

Averbach study findings

Answer 14

Averbach found that with extra viewing time the number of dots he could count increased, but at 8 dots extra viewing makes little difference

Question 15

Sperling Partial Report Procedure

Answer 15

Participants were able to recall only 4/5 items out of 12, but if they have an immediate cue for the first row, performance is close to 100% accurate for that row. But if the recall cue is delayed by 1 second after the stimulus performance is back down to about 30%, about 4 items. As if almost the full grid of 12 items was once available in visual memory, but decays rapidly.

Question 16

Sperling interpretation and issues

Answer 16

Sperling’s results have been taken to support the idea of a brief sensory store that holds a pre categorical visual image

Question 17

Primacy

Answer 17

Is traditionally interpreted as down to rehearsal

Question 18

Recency

Answer 18

Traditionally interpreted as the capacity of the short term store

Question 19

Atkinson & Shiffrin model

Answer 19

Sensory input goes into short term store, goes back into short term store through rehearsal, and transfers into long term store

Question 20

Problems for a unitary short term storage

Answer 20

Clinical evidence shows patients only short term memory and only long term memory but short term memory deficits aren’t as devastating to long term memory as we might expect

Question 21

What is the short term storage for

Answer 21

Baddeley & Hitch simulate STM deficits by using tasks that should fill up the STS

Question 22

Baddeley & Hitch proposed that the STS must have three components

Answer 22

Central executive, Visuo spatial scratchpad, articulatory loop

Question 23

Short term memory performance is

Answer 23

Often better for visuospatial materials

Question 24

Two tasks that require visuospatial resources interfere with each other much more than if one task is ____ and the other ____

Answer 24

Verbal; visuospatial

Question 25

Dual task interference

Answer 25

Simultaneously doing a spatial and verbal task proved to be very difficult

Question 26

Phonological similarity effect

Answer 26

Consists of poor serial recall performance for lists composed of similar sounding words compared to lists of dissimilar sounding items

Question 27

Irrelevant speech effect

Answer 27

The irrelevant speech effect or irrelevant sound effect is the degradation of serial recall of a list when sounds, especially speech sounds, are presented

Question 28

Word length effect

Answer 28

The findings that lists of short words are better recalled than lists of long words

Question 29

Central executive/supervisory attentional system

Answer 29

Sensory perceptual structures -> trigger data base -> psychological processing structures -> effector system

Question 30

Role of the central executive

Answer 30

General purpose attentional mechanism with flexible resources and limited capacity,

Question 31

Purpose of the central executive

Answer 31

General purpose attentional mechanism with flexible resources and limited capacity

Question 32

Role of the central executive

Answer 32

Control of behavior based on action schemas, low level contention scheduling chooses schema. The supervisory attentional system can override the general process of contention scheduling by directly activating or inhibiting schemas.

Question 33

Everyday example of supervisory attentional system failure

Answer 33

Driving to your normal destination by mistake

Question 34

An experimental task that seems to load the central executive is

Answer 34

Random number generation, could be a cure for insomnia

Question 35

Additions to the working memory model

Answer 35

The central executive can interact with long term memory via episodic buffer

Question 36

Hedonic detector

Answer 36

Deals with emotional information, allows the central executive and episodic buffer to interact

Question 37

Alternatives to working memory

Answer 37

Embedded processes mode, SIMPLE model, individual differences approach

Question 38

Embedded processes model

Answer 38

It’s not necessary to distinguish between short term and long term storage, and that short term storage is just the currently activated component of the long term storage

Question 39

The SIMPLE model

Answer 39

Scale invariant memory, perception, and learning, creates mathematical models based on temporal discriminability that apply to both short term storage and long term storage

Question 40

Individual differences approach

Answer 40

A different approach is to focus on individual differences in working memory capacity, recently researchers have separated this out into influences on primary and secondary memory