perception

Question 1

from the perspective of organisations…

Answer 1

they do not understand that people will see things differently, instead, they just look at individuals as employees

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

refers to the process by which we create subjective meaning from the stimuli received by our senses

Question 3

perceptual filter

Answer 3

each person has a perceptual filter: individual characteristics are predispositions to respond to particular events in particular ways. it is dependent on stimuli such as their culture, religion…

Question 4

the things that can cause a bias in perception

Answer 4

• selective attention
• projection
• attribution error
• halo and horns effect
• stereotyping

Question 5

selective attention:

Answer 5

a cognitive process in which a person attends to one or a few sensory inputs while ignoring the other ones
- it is based on the stimuli e.g. working conditions
e.g.: you are in an open office with many conversations happening around you. Despite the noice and distractions, you can stick to your own work and concentrate on task at hand

Question 6

projection

Answer 6

a psychological defense mechanism where we attribute our thoughts, feelings, or characteristics onto someone else.
e.g.: someone is feeling insecure about their own abilities but they are not aware of it. they night project their insecurities onto a colleague and perceive that person as being incompetent or lacking skills, even if its not true. their own insecurities are influencing their perception of the other person.

Question 7

false attribution

Answer 7

how humans tend to understand and explain behaviour
2 different types of attribution:
1) DISPOSITIONAL (internal)
a persons behaviour is driven by internal factors
2) SITUATIONAL (external)
a person’s behaviour is driven by external factors
attribution: how people analyse peoples behaviour based on internal or external factors how people come to these conclusion.
when analysing people behaviour, we should consider both potential internal or external factors, but people find themselves judging people’s behaviour based on a potential internal matter –>this is called false attribution. falsely identifying the cause for their actions

Question 8

the Halo effect

Answer 8

assumption and inflation of positive attributes
if people have certain traits that we rate highly e.g. attractiveness we also tend to perceive them as being competent and successful
- the halo effect is a cognitive bias that revolves around us wrongfully assuming positive things due to a positive characteristic that we have observed previously, despite having no evidence to support this

Question 9

horns effect

Answer 9

assumption and inflation of negative attributes
- notice something negative about someone and find it difficult to quantify the good things that person does.
e.g. if someone does not shake your hand - could be seen as disresepectufl and they are easily perieved as lacking confidence or respect.

Question 10

stereotyping

Answer 10

a category or personality type to which we co-sign people on the basis of their membership of some known group