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HIST 1020 > People, wars, lands, ideas, and miscellaneous (Exam #1) > Flashcards

People, wars, lands, ideas, and miscellaneous (Exam #1) Flashcards

1
Q

technological and social changes caused by the Industrial Revolution

A

Rapid rate of technological advancements (textile mechanization, factories and machines)

Mass urban migration, leading to unhygienic, congested conditions that resulted in a high worker mortality rate (contagious diseases, pollution from coal soot)
New emerging social class called bourgeoisie, mostly factory owners
New political tradition called classical liberalism, characteristic of the bourgeosie
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2
Q

Textile production and its mechanization

A

Flying shuttle increased efficiency through mechanize Asian; spinning jenny spun string faster; water frame made string stronger

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3
Q

coal mining

A

Powered machines in factories during the Industrial Revolution

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4
Q

urbanization

A

13% of people lived in towns and cities before 1750, but in 1900 87% urbanized

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5
Q

large cities in England as a result of the Industrial Revolution

A

Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester, London (capital)

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6
Q

contagious diseases

A

Cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, diphtheria

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7
Q

Robert Koch

A

“Father of microbiology” who argued to wash medical instruments (1881)

Discovered TB bacillus (1882) vibrio cholera (1883)

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8
Q

air pollution

A

Caused by soot from burnt coal in industrial revolution, led to respiratory diseases (late 19th century)

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9
Q

acid rain

A

Caused by soot from burnt coal in industrial revolution (late 19th century)

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10
Q

parliamentary goverment

A

Elected representatives in an “ideal” government, but not dedicated to universal suffrage

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11
Q

universal adult suffrage v. universal male suffrage

A

adult suffrage - all adults

male suffrage - all men above a certain age

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12
Q

principle of one-man/one-vote

A

Form of universal adult suffrage that arrived in England and Belgium (1918), but was not fair because wealthy got 3 votes

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13
Q

“Classical liberalism”

A

3 principles: laissez-faire, faith in linear historical progress, and parliamentary government

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14
Q

socialism, communism, nationalism

A

Socialism and communism were not traditional political idealogies of the classical liberals and accomodating those values made their profits smaller, so they turned to nationalism for a way to make money

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15
Q

linear historical progress

A

belief that history moves from barbarianism toward civilization (slavery, inequality, poverty to freedom, equality, wealth)

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16
Q

Reason

A

“engine of progress” or rational capacity; women, non-Europeans, poor apparently don’t have this

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17
Q

utopian socialism and scientific socialism

A

The first is very idealistic with no specific plan, but the second claims to have found precise guidelines for a social and political perfection; latter is basis for communism

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18
Q

social legislation

A

Law-making aiming to benefit society; evidence of social liberalists breaking away from laissez-faire principle in late 19th century

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19
Q

socialism and communism

A

Communism drew from and built upon utopian socialism

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20
Q

phalanxes

A

Co-ops as Charles Fourier argued that everyone should live in (in a utopian socialist society)

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21
Q

technocracy

A

type of government led by technical, scientific experts; Henri de Saint-Simon championed this idea in his book The New Christianity (1825)

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22
Q

workers’ co-ops

A

Equitable sharing of profits gained from goods (?) Pierre -Joseph Proudhon favored these

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23
Q

scientific laws of history

A

AKA scientific socialism, or communism

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24
Q

Prussia

A

One of many German states during 19th century; Karl Marx was born here

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25
Q

Karl Marx

A

father of communism (phD in history and philosophy); was exposed to ideas of utopian socialism in 1840s Paris, but was dissatisfied so came to ideas of Hegel (inevitable laws of history)

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26
Q

the dialectic

A

An idea made of three parts: thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Respectively: Asiatic phase (despotism), Graeco-Roman phase (freedom), and Germanic-European phase (freedom within a powerful state)

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27
Q

Asiatic phase, Graeco-Roman phase, Germanic-European phase

A

Asiatic phase (despotism), Graeco-Roman phase (freedom), and Germanic-European phase (freedom within a powerful state)

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28
Q

Geist

A

German word for spirit, which is apparently the driving force in history

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29
Q

class conflict over means of production

A

Marx’s idea in his communist manifesto that class conflict occurred throughout history forever

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30
Q

working-class revolution

A

Ideas of communism called for a revolution as opposed to socialism which did not

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31
Q

christian socialism

A

(End of 19th century) Combined Christian principles and legislation to improve lives of less fortunate; pressured classical liberalists for change and ***helped break away from laissez-fare

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32
Q

increased life expectancy

A

Evidence of improvement from 1750 to 1900 which resulted from: increased social welfare, discovering germ theory

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33
Q

imperialism and nationalism

A

Classical liberalists had to find these methods in order to keep making money, since breaking away from laissez-faire limited their options and lowered their profit

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34
Q

nationalism

A

Loyalty to one’s country or feelings of a common national identity; factor in unification of Germany around 1850

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35
Q

Prussia

A

One of the 37 German states and is mostly homogenous with tiny Poles population; capital is Berlin

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36
Q

Habsburg Monarchy

A

AKA Austro-Hungary; capital is Vienna

Highly multicultural state, lots of different ethnic groups and has unique problems due to different nationalist loyalities

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37
Q

Groups of minorities in Austro-Hungary

A

Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, POles, Magyars, Italians

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38
Q

37 Central European states 1850

A

Different nationalist loyalties led to political fragmentation

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39
Q

Frankfurt Assembly and constitutional monarchy

A

First efforts to unify Germany from May 1848 - May 1849

Assembly of middle class men whose goal was to create a constitution that called for a unified Germany (nationalism); they had utopian ideas and did not know how unification would occur

Constitution consisted only of Germans, excluded Habsburg monarchy and only included Prussia and 37 states

Constitution called for a constitutional monarchy, where a monarch shares power with Parliament; declared only (most) men above 25 years can vote, king had ability to dissolve Parliament and rule without it

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40
Q

Frederick William IV

A

Frankfurt Assembly brought their constitution to him and requested he rule as first monarch; he rejected it as a “crown from the gutter”

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41
Q

Prussian Diet and 3-class franchise

A

Frederick William IV made his own Prussian constitution of 1850, which included these ideas; the Parliament in his constittion is called the Prussian Diet (elected through universal male suffrage), but was based on a 3-class franchise where the top class received 3 votes, lowest ones 2 or 1, and this gave a lot of power to the king

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42
Q

minister-president

A

Position in charge of the Diet and held greatest power between the king and elected representatives

43
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

(1815-1898) Leader of German unification, member of Junker class; only wanted Prussia and the 37 states

Was named minister-president by William I (1862)

Iron and blood (war) speech regarding unification in Sept. 1862

Caused two wars in order to unify Germany (Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars)

44
Q

William I

A

Prussian king (1861-1890); appointed Bismarck as minister-president (1862)

45
Q

“iron and blood”

A

(Sept. 1862) Bismarck’s speech calling for war regarding German unification

46
Q

Austro-Prussian War

A

June 15, 1866 (Seven Weeks War) Prussia v. Habsburg monarchy, and Prussia won

Bismarck provoked Habsburg monarchy into war by mismanaging affairs in Schleswig Holstein

Habsburg monarchy lost because of their outdated army; became Austro-Hungary (1867) but dissolved later (1918)

(1867) Prussia received 21 of the German states and organized them into a North German Confederation, first step of German unification

47
Q

Schleswig and Holstein

A

Territory that Bismarck bluffed to Habsburg monarchy over, leading to Austro-Prussian War

48
Q

North German Confederation

A

(1867) FIRST major step of German unification by Bismarck; created out of 21 of the German states that Prussia received after Austro-Prussian War;

49
Q

Franco-Prussian War

A

(June 15, 1870 - January 1871) Second and last step of German unification; started with a coup d’etat in Spain (Sept. 1868), which wanted a new (Hohenzollern) king for its government, but France horrified because it’s enemies with Prussia

North German Confederation won and received remaining 16 states, final unification under the name German Reich

50
Q

Hohenzollern royal family

A

(AKA Bourbon royal family) Spain requested a new king from this royal Prussian lineage, leading up to Franco-Prussian War

51
Q

Ems Telergram

A

Count Vincent Benedetti, French ambassador, visits Prussia to talk them out of sending a king to Spain; met with William I briefly, but resulted in a fictionalized scandal (Ems Telegram) by Bismarck who made it look like the king was rude to the French ambassador; trigger for Franco-Prussian War

52
Q

German Reich

A

New name of unified Germany, William I declared emperor; consisted of 35(?) unified states

53
Q

Hall of Mirrors

A

In Versailles near Paris; location where German independence declared; increased hostility with France contributing to WWI

54
Q

imperialism; empire

A

(After 1870) Efforts to build and maintain an empire (countries that owned empires included England, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium)

55
Q

“old” imperialism v. “new” imperialism

A

Old: stayed in coastal areas, few encounters with natives, bought native products, no factories or established mines, allowed natives to govern themselves

New: went past islands and coasts, wide networks deep inside territories, more foreign encounters, took over production of native goods in factories and mines, spread industrial revolution, took over native trade and governments

56
Q

Suez Canal

A

(1869) Built by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps in Isthmus of Suez, French-financed (trade and imperialism motivated), allowed direct route between Europe and Asia and more travel/conquer opportunities

57
Q

Count Ferdinand de Lesseps

A

(1805-1894) From Versailles; built Suez Canal (1869) and Panama Canal (1914)

58
Q

Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Cape of Hope

A

Ships previously traveled this route before creation of Suez Canal (cut through Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea)

59
Q

Panama Canal

A

(1914) Also designed by de Lesseps and contributed to imperialism and trade

60
Q

Matabele Uprising

A

(1893-1894) In pursuit of imperailism, 50 British with maxim guns mowed down 5000 Africans with shields and spears

61
Q

“The Dark Continent”

A

European term for Africa before 19th century due to very little contact; previously no large states, only small tribes, no written language, rich story-telling tradition

62
Q

David Livingstone

A

(1851) Arrived in South Africa with humanitarian goals; spread medical assistance and Christianity, highly respected and famous

63
Q

Henry Morton Stanley

A

(1871) Found Livingstone deep in Africa, funded by Leopold II to find money-making methods; claimed “humanitarian” motives

64
Q

Leopold II

A

(1865-1909) Belgium king who funded Stanley’s explorations (1878); nationalist who sough to increase prestige and power

Formed International Congo Association and claimed large center mass of Africa for Belgium; exploited natives for abusive rubber industry for 25 years until (1908)

65
Q

International Congo Association

A

Private enterprise belonging to Leopold II and Stanley; became “international state” Congo Free State after territorial squabbles and Berlin Conference, but most countries lost interest after that

Leopold and Stanley used it as an extension of their business and money-makingg

66
Q

Otto von Bismarck and the Berlin Conference

A

(1885) Called peace meeting to avoid conflicts over territory with other European countries; transformed International Congo Association into Congo Free State

67
Q

Congo Free State

A

“International state” owned by all empiric European states, but they lost interest so it defaulted to Belgium and Stanley; the two of them used it to make money

68
Q

rubber trees

A

Leopold exploited this resource in Congo area to accumulate wealth

69
Q

Zappo Zap peoples and the Kuba Massacre

A

(1899) Culmination of tensions and conflicts after Belgium hired Zappo Zap warrior peoples to watch over natives and make sure they harvest rubber properly

70
Q

Latin America and Asia

A

???about

71
Q

Triple Entente

A

France, Britain, Russia until 1917, US starting 1917

72
Q

Triple Alliance

A

Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy until 1915

Surrounded by enemies

73
Q

Causes of WWI

A
  1. ) French-German hostility
  2. ) National competition and empire races
  3. ) Crisis of values
  4. ) Serbian and Austro-Hungary hostility
74
Q

Franco-Prussian War; hall of mirrors

A

Conclusion of Franco-Prussian war with the declaration of German independence in the French Hall of MIrrors intensified hostilities that contributed to starting WWI

75
Q

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

A

Assassinated on June 28, 1914 (Heir of Austro-Hungary throne), directly triggering WWI

76
Q

Kingdom of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Sarajevo

A

Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a territory bordering Serbia; Austria gained control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but Serbian nationalism resulted in territorial entitlement; wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to be a part of them

77
Q

Black Hand

A

Violent, illegal, nationalistic Serbian organization; slogan “Unity or death”

78
Q

Gavrilo Prinicip

A

Black Hand member, shot archduke (June 28, 1914)

79
Q

nation-state

A

A territorial state consisting of a homogenous people (in theory); proposed by Woodrow Wilson in his 14 points statement regarding the fate of Austro-Hungary in the aftermath of WWI (Treaty of St. Germain in Peace of Paris)

80
Q

democracy v. authoritarianism

A

Democracy (3): universal adult suffrage, parliaments, multi-party rule

Authoritarianism (3): universal adult suffrage, parliament, single-party rule

81
Q

Divided territory of Austro-Hungary after WWI

A

Austro-Hungary split into the following states: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia

82
Q

William II

A

(Last) King of German Reich (1888-1918) who thought voluntarily dissolving the monarchy would let Germany have easier peace terms, but was completely wrong

83
Q

Weimar Republic

A

New name for Germany following WWI aftermath; named after the new capital city Weimar

After WWI, Germany went from a constitutional monarchy to a republic (run only by Parliament)

84
Q

Adolf Hitler

A

(1889-1945) Involved in Nazi Party

85
Q

Soviet Union

A

(1922-1991) Largest country for its time

86
Q

comparison among communism, socialism, leninism

A

All three idealogies have the interests of the proletariat class in mind.

Communism calls for a proletarian revolution, while socialism calls for social legislation to intervene.

Founded by VI Lenin, Leninism rejected scientific laws of history and believed human will and power cause historical change. A revolutionary vanguard would put into action this change. Followers of Leninism were called Leninists or Bolsheviks

87
Q

proletarian revolution

A

Idea behind Leninism called for a proletarian revolution through the use of a revolutionary vanguard, a small group of political leaders who organize and engineer a revolution

88
Q

V. I. Lenin

A

(1870-1924) Founded Leninism, led Bolshevik Revolution assisted by Trotsky and his St. Petersburg Soviet, launched NEP (March 1921), established the Soviet Union (1922), and died leaving a power struggle (1924)

89
Q

revolutionary vanguard

A

Small group of political leaders who would organize and engineer revolution

90
Q

Bolshevik party

A

AKA Leninists; dominating party in Soviet Union

91
Q

Russian monarchy

A

(1917) Dissolved because Russian people did not trust them anymore; FIRST event in Bolshevik Revolution

92
Q

Nicholas II and Alexandra

A

(1894-1917) Russian people expressed discontent toward them since Nicholas II was a shitty military leader, and his wife Alexandra was a shitty ruler

93
Q

Great Russian Revolution

A

(1917) AKA Bolshevik Revolution

94
Q

St. Petersburg

A

(1918) Capital, then became Moscow

95
Q

Rasputin

A

Charmed tsarina Alexandra and made her think he can cure her son (heir to throne) and his hemophilia; gave her shitty advice for running the country

96
Q

Soviet

A

Russian word meaning council; 100s of these popped up by summer of 1917

97
Q

St. Petersburg Soviet

A

Largest Soviet, led by Leon Trotsky who gained control of its military arms in order to take over St. Petersburg communication networks, and then government buildings

Gained power over the government; SECOND event in Bolshevik Revolution

98
Q

Leon Trotsky

A

(1879-1940) Leader of St. Petersburg Soviet who assisted Lenin; part of power struggle after Lenin’s death, but lost to Stalin

99
Q

Josef Stalin

A

(1879-1953) Seized power of the Bolshevik Party after Lenin’s death and resulting power struggle; one of the cruelest dictators of 20th century

Hated NEP, wanted original ideologies of government-owned property and controlled economy

Made Five-Year Plan (1929-1932) to rapidly industrialize Russia and create a command economy; also launched The Great Purge (1934-1938) to remove any threats to his power

100
Q

command economy

A

Completely state-run economy with no free market; part of Stalin’s Five-Year Plan

101
Q

Great Purge

A

(1934-1938) Stalin targeted real and perceived enemies of his power; 300k killed, 7M sent to gulag

102
Q

gulag

A

Type of concentration camp Stalin sent his “enemies” to during The Great Purge; around 7M sent there

Continued even after the purge ended. Only ended after Stalin’s death (1953)

103
Q

Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich

A

Ran an authoritarian government in Nazi Germany

HIST 1020 (18 decks)

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