People, wars, lands, ideas, and miscellaneous (Exam #1) Flashcards
1
Q
technological and social changes caused by the Industrial Revolution
A
Rapid rate of technological advancements (textile mechanization, factories and machines)
Mass urban migration, leading to unhygienic, congested conditions that resulted in a high worker mortality rate (contagious diseases, pollution from coal soot) New emerging social class called bourgeoisie, mostly factory owners New political tradition called classical liberalism, characteristic of the bourgeosie
2
Q
Textile production and its mechanization
A
Flying shuttle increased efficiency through mechanize Asian; spinning jenny spun string faster; water frame made string stronger
3
Q
coal mining
A
Powered machines in factories during the Industrial Revolution
4
Q
urbanization
A
13% of people lived in towns and cities before 1750, but in 1900 87% urbanized
5
Q
large cities in England as a result of the Industrial Revolution
A
Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester, London (capital)
6
Q
contagious diseases
A
Cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, diphtheria
7
Q
Robert Koch
A
“Father of microbiology” who argued to wash medical instruments (1881)
Discovered TB bacillus (1882) vibrio cholera (1883)
8
Q
air pollution
A
Caused by soot from burnt coal in industrial revolution, led to respiratory diseases (late 19th century)
9
Q
acid rain
A
Caused by soot from burnt coal in industrial revolution (late 19th century)
10
Q
parliamentary goverment
A
Elected representatives in an “ideal” government, but not dedicated to universal suffrage
11
Q
universal adult suffrage v. universal male suffrage
A
adult suffrage - all adults
male suffrage - all men above a certain age
12
Q
principle of one-man/one-vote
A
Form of universal adult suffrage that arrived in England and Belgium (1918), but was not fair because wealthy got 3 votes
13
Q
“Classical liberalism”
A
3 principles: laissez-faire, faith in linear historical progress, and parliamentary government
14
Q
socialism, communism, nationalism
A
Socialism and communism were not traditional political idealogies of the classical liberals and accomodating those values made their profits smaller, so they turned to nationalism for a way to make money
15
Q
linear historical progress
A
belief that history moves from barbarianism toward civilization (slavery, inequality, poverty to freedom, equality, wealth)
16
Q
Reason
A
“engine of progress” or rational capacity; women, non-Europeans, poor apparently don’t have this
17
Q
utopian socialism and scientific socialism
A
The first is very idealistic with no specific plan, but the second claims to have found precise guidelines for a social and political perfection; latter is basis for communism
18
Q
social legislation
A
Law-making aiming to benefit society; evidence of social liberalists breaking away from laissez-faire principle in late 19th century
19
Q
socialism and communism
A
Communism drew from and built upon utopian socialism
20
Q
phalanxes
A
Co-ops as Charles Fourier argued that everyone should live in (in a utopian socialist society)
21
Q
technocracy
A
type of government led by technical, scientific experts; Henri de Saint-Simon championed this idea in his book The New Christianity (1825)
22
Q
workers’ co-ops
A
Equitable sharing of profits gained from goods (?) Pierre -Joseph Proudhon favored these
23
Q
scientific laws of history
A
AKA scientific socialism, or communism
24
Q
Prussia
A
One of many German states during 19th century; Karl Marx was born here
25
Karl Marx
father of communism (phD in history and philosophy); was exposed to ideas of utopian socialism in 1840s Paris, but was dissatisfied so came to ideas of Hegel (inevitable laws of history)
26
the dialectic
An idea made of three parts: thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Respectively: Asiatic phase (despotism), Graeco-Roman phase (freedom), and Germanic-European phase (freedom within a powerful state)
27
Asiatic phase, Graeco-Roman phase, Germanic-European phase
Asiatic phase (despotism), Graeco-Roman phase (freedom), and Germanic-European phase (freedom within a powerful state)
28
Geist
German word for spirit, which is apparently the driving force in history
29
class conflict over means of production
Marx's idea in his communist manifesto that class conflict occurred throughout history forever
30
working-class revolution
Ideas of communism called for a revolution as opposed to socialism which did not
31
christian socialism
(End of 19th century) Combined Christian principles and legislation to improve lives of less fortunate; pressured classical liberalists for change and ***helped break away from laissez-fare
32
increased life expectancy
Evidence of improvement from 1750 to 1900 which resulted from: increased social welfare, discovering germ theory
33
imperialism and nationalism
Classical liberalists had to find these methods in order to keep making money, since breaking away from laissez-faire limited their options and lowered their profit
34
nationalism
Loyalty to one's country or feelings of a common national identity; factor in unification of Germany around 1850
35
Prussia
One of the 37 German states and is mostly homogenous with tiny Poles population; capital is Berlin
36
Habsburg Monarchy
AKA Austro-Hungary; capital is Vienna
Highly multicultural state, lots of different ethnic groups and has unique problems due to different nationalist loyalities
37
Groups of minorities in Austro-Hungary
Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, POles, Magyars, Italians
38
37 Central European states 1850
Different nationalist loyalties led to political fragmentation
39
Frankfurt Assembly and constitutional monarchy
First efforts to unify Germany from May 1848 - May 1849
Assembly of middle class men whose goal was to create a constitution that called for a unified Germany (nationalism); they had utopian ideas and did not know how unification would occur
Constitution consisted only of Germans, excluded Habsburg monarchy and only included Prussia and 37 states
Constitution called for a constitutional monarchy, where a monarch shares power with Parliament; declared only (most) men above 25 years can vote, king had ability to dissolve Parliament and rule without it
40
Frederick William IV
Frankfurt Assembly brought their constitution to him and requested he rule as first monarch; he rejected it as a "crown from the gutter"
41
Prussian Diet and 3-class franchise
Frederick William IV made his own Prussian constitution of 1850, which included these ideas; the Parliament in his constittion is called the Prussian Diet (elected through universal male suffrage), but was based on a 3-class franchise where the top class received 3 votes, lowest ones 2 or 1, and this gave a lot of power to the king
42
minister-president
Position in charge of the Diet and held greatest power between the king and elected representatives
43
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898) Leader of German unification, member of Junker class; only wanted Prussia and the 37 states
Was named minister-president by William I (1862)
Iron and blood (war) speech regarding unification in Sept. 1862
Caused two wars in order to unify Germany (Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars)
44
William I
Prussian king (1861-1890); appointed Bismarck as minister-president (1862)
45
"iron and blood"
(Sept. 1862) Bismarck's speech calling for war regarding German unification
46
Austro-Prussian War
June 15, 1866 (Seven Weeks War) Prussia v. Habsburg monarchy, and Prussia won
Bismarck provoked Habsburg monarchy into war by mismanaging affairs in Schleswig Holstein
Habsburg monarchy lost because of their outdated army; became Austro-Hungary (1867) but dissolved later (1918)
(1867) Prussia received 21 of the German states and organized them into a North German Confederation, first step of German unification
47
Schleswig and Holstein
Territory that Bismarck bluffed to Habsburg monarchy over, leading to Austro-Prussian War
48
North German Confederation
(1867) FIRST major step of German unification by Bismarck; created out of 21 of the German states that Prussia received after Austro-Prussian War;
49
Franco-Prussian War
(June 15, 1870 - January 1871) Second and last step of German unification; started with a coup d'etat in Spain (Sept. 1868), which wanted a new (Hohenzollern) king for its government, but France horrified because it's enemies with Prussia
North German Confederation won and received remaining 16 states, final unification under the name German Reich
50
Hohenzollern royal family
(AKA Bourbon royal family) Spain requested a new king from this royal Prussian lineage, leading up to Franco-Prussian War
51
Ems Telergram
Count Vincent Benedetti, French ambassador, visits Prussia to talk them out of sending a king to Spain; met with William I briefly, but resulted in a fictionalized scandal (Ems Telegram) by Bismarck who made it look like the king was rude to the French ambassador; trigger for Franco-Prussian War
52
German Reich
New name of unified Germany, William I declared emperor; consisted of 35(?) unified states
53
Hall of Mirrors
In Versailles near Paris; location where German independence declared; increased hostility with France contributing to WWI
54
imperialism; empire
(After 1870) Efforts to build and maintain an empire (countries that owned empires included England, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium)
55
"old" imperialism v. "new" imperialism
Old: stayed in coastal areas, few encounters with natives, bought native products, no factories or established mines, allowed natives to govern themselves
New: went past islands and coasts, wide networks deep inside territories, more foreign encounters, took over production of native goods in factories and mines, spread industrial revolution, took over native trade and governments
56
Suez Canal
(1869) Built by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps in Isthmus of Suez, French-financed (trade and imperialism motivated), allowed direct route between Europe and Asia and more travel/conquer opportunities
57
Count Ferdinand de Lesseps
(1805-1894) From Versailles; built Suez Canal (1869) and Panama Canal (1914)
58
Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Cape of Hope
Ships previously traveled this route before creation of Suez Canal (cut through Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea)
59
Panama Canal
(1914) Also designed by de Lesseps and contributed to imperialism and trade
60
Matabele Uprising
(1893-1894) In pursuit of imperailism, 50 British with maxim guns mowed down 5000 Africans with shields and spears
61
"The Dark Continent"
European term for Africa before 19th century due to very little contact; previously no large states, only small tribes, no written language, rich story-telling tradition
62
David Livingstone
(1851) Arrived in South Africa with humanitarian goals; spread medical assistance and Christianity, highly respected and famous
63
Henry Morton Stanley
(1871) Found Livingstone deep in Africa, funded by Leopold II to find money-making methods; claimed "humanitarian" motives
64
Leopold II
(1865-1909) Belgium king who funded Stanley's explorations (1878); nationalist who sough to increase prestige and power
Formed International Congo Association and claimed large center mass of Africa for Belgium; exploited natives for abusive rubber industry for 25 years until (1908)
65
International Congo Association
Private enterprise belonging to Leopold II and Stanley; became "international state" Congo Free State after territorial squabbles and Berlin Conference, but most countries lost interest after that
Leopold and Stanley used it as an extension of their business and money-makingg
66
Otto von Bismarck and the Berlin Conference
(1885) Called peace meeting to avoid conflicts over territory with other European countries; transformed International Congo Association into Congo Free State
67
Congo Free State
"International state" owned by all empiric European states, but they lost interest so it defaulted to Belgium and Stanley; the two of them used it to make money
68
rubber trees
Leopold exploited this resource in Congo area to accumulate wealth
69
Zappo Zap peoples and the Kuba Massacre
(1899) Culmination of tensions and conflicts after Belgium hired Zappo Zap warrior peoples to watch over natives and make sure they harvest rubber properly
70
Latin America and Asia
???about
71
Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia until 1917, US starting 1917
72
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy until 1915
Surrounded by enemies
73
Causes of WWI
1. ) French-German hostility
2. ) National competition and empire races
3. ) Crisis of values
4. ) Serbian and Austro-Hungary hostility
74
Franco-Prussian War; hall of mirrors
Conclusion of Franco-Prussian war with the declaration of German independence in the French Hall of MIrrors intensified hostilities that contributed to starting WWI
75
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Assassinated on June 28, 1914 (Heir of Austro-Hungary throne), directly triggering WWI
76
Kingdom of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Sarajevo
Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a territory bordering Serbia; Austria gained control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but Serbian nationalism resulted in territorial entitlement; wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to be a part of them
77
Black Hand
Violent, illegal, nationalistic Serbian organization; slogan "Unity or death"
78
Gavrilo Prinicip
Black Hand member, shot archduke (June 28, 1914)
79
nation-state
A territorial state consisting of a homogenous people (in theory); proposed by Woodrow Wilson in his 14 points statement regarding the fate of Austro-Hungary in the aftermath of WWI (Treaty of St. Germain in Peace of Paris)
80
democracy v. authoritarianism
Democracy (3): universal adult suffrage, parliaments, multi-party rule
Authoritarianism (3): universal adult suffrage, parliament, single-party rule
81
Divided territory of Austro-Hungary after WWI
Austro-Hungary split into the following states: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia
82
William II
(Last) King of German Reich (1888-1918) who thought voluntarily dissolving the monarchy would let Germany have easier peace terms, but was completely wrong
83
Weimar Republic
New name for Germany following WWI aftermath; named after the new capital city Weimar
After WWI, Germany went from a constitutional monarchy to a republic (run only by Parliament)
84
Adolf Hitler
(1889-1945) Involved in Nazi Party
85
Soviet Union
(1922-1991) Largest country for its time
86
comparison among communism, socialism, leninism
All three idealogies have the interests of the proletariat class in mind.
Communism calls for a proletarian revolution, while socialism calls for social legislation to intervene.
Founded by VI Lenin, Leninism rejected scientific laws of history and believed human will and power cause historical change. A revolutionary vanguard would put into action this change. Followers of Leninism were called Leninists or Bolsheviks
87
proletarian revolution
Idea behind Leninism called for a proletarian revolution through the use of a revolutionary vanguard, a small group of political leaders who organize and engineer a revolution
88
V. I. Lenin
(1870-1924) Founded Leninism, led Bolshevik Revolution assisted by Trotsky and his St. Petersburg Soviet, launched NEP (March 1921), established the Soviet Union (1922), and died leaving a power struggle (1924)
89
revolutionary vanguard
Small group of political leaders who would organize and engineer revolution
90
Bolshevik party
AKA Leninists; dominating party in Soviet Union
91
Russian monarchy
(1917) Dissolved because Russian people did not trust them anymore; FIRST event in Bolshevik Revolution
92
Nicholas II and Alexandra
(1894-1917) Russian people expressed discontent toward them since Nicholas II was a shitty military leader, and his wife Alexandra was a shitty ruler
93
Great Russian Revolution
(1917) AKA Bolshevik Revolution
94
St. Petersburg
(1918) Capital, then became Moscow
95
Rasputin
Charmed tsarina Alexandra and made her think he can cure her son (heir to throne) and his hemophilia; gave her shitty advice for running the country
96
Soviet
Russian word meaning council; 100s of these popped up by summer of 1917
97
St. Petersburg Soviet
Largest Soviet, led by Leon Trotsky who gained control of its military arms in order to take over St. Petersburg communication networks, and then government buildings
Gained power over the government; SECOND event in Bolshevik Revolution
98
Leon Trotsky
(1879-1940) Leader of St. Petersburg Soviet who assisted Lenin; part of power struggle after Lenin's death, but lost to Stalin
99
Josef Stalin
(1879-1953) Seized power of the Bolshevik Party after Lenin's death and resulting power struggle; one of the cruelest dictators of 20th century
Hated NEP, wanted original ideologies of government-owned property and controlled economy
Made Five-Year Plan (1929-1932) to rapidly industrialize Russia and create a command economy; also launched The Great Purge (1934-1938) to remove any threats to his power
100
command economy
Completely state-run economy with no free market; part of Stalin's Five-Year Plan
101
Great Purge
(1934-1938) Stalin targeted real and perceived enemies of his power; 300k killed, 7M sent to gulag
102
gulag
Type of concentration camp Stalin sent his "enemies" to during The Great Purge; around 7M sent there
Continued even after the purge ended. Only ended after Stalin's death (1953)
103
Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich
Ran an authoritarian government in Nazi Germany
