Books, inventions, and written documents (Exam #1)

Question 0

Flying shuttle

Answer 0

John Kay (1733)

Fewer people needed for weaving, increased efficiency in cloth textile; not enough string available initially

Question 1

loom, weave, warp, shuttle

Answer 1

Loom - handmade weaving before 1750

Parts:
Warp - vertical stationary strings
Weave - horizontal mobile strings
Shuttle - attached to weave thread to help weave strings pass through warp strings

Question 2

Spinning jenny

Answer 2

James Hargreaves (1764) in England

Spun string faster, more cloth spun overall in England; string not very strong

Question 3

Steam engine

Answer 3

Thomas Newcomen (1712), but James Watt improved it (1765)

Contributed to industrial revolution (could be attached to other machines)

Question 5

Robert Smith

Answer 5

Wrote Acid and Rain (1872)

Researched air pollution, discovered acid rain

Question 6

Adam Smith

Answer 6

Wrote Wealth of Nations (1776)

Defended the idea that government should not interfere in economy

Question 7

Charles Fourier

Answer 7

Wrote Theory of the Four Movements (1808)

(Ideas of utopian socialism) disliked competition for wealth, thought people should belong to a phalanx

Question 8

Henri de Saint-Simon

Answer 8

Wrote The New Christianity (1825)

(Ideas of utopian socialism) Thought everyone in society should put in effort and give as much as possible based on ability

Question 9

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Answer 9

Wrote What is Property? (1840)

(Most radical ideas of utopian socialism) Critical of factory owners and bourgeoisie, argued that labor is property and that they are stealing from the workers by not paying enough wages

Question 10

George W. F. Hegel

Answer 10

Wrote Phemenology of the Spirit (1807)

Discussed “inevitable laws of history” where change occurs according to logical pattern (laws of the dialectic)

Question 11

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Answer 11

Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Argued there has always been a history of class conflict over means of production, and that economic struggle and competition drove history;

predicted classless, stateless society will emerge when proletariats clash with bourgeoisie

Question 12

Roger Casement

Answer 12

Wrote The Casement Report (1904)

Documented Leopold II’s abuse and of the natives in the Congo region

Question 13

E. D. Morel

Answer 13

Wrote Red Rubber (1906)

Documented Leopold II’s abuse and of the natives in the Congo region

Question 14

Mark Twain

Answer 14

Wrote King Leopold’s Soliloquy (1905)

Called out King Leopold II and his abuse of the Congo

Question 15

Hiram Maxim

Answer 15

Invented Maxim Gun (1884)

First machine gun; first used in Africa for imperialism; British put down Matabale Uprising (1893-1894); contributed to death tolls in WWI

Question 16

John Boyd Dunlop

Answer 16

Invented pneumatic tire

Used in early bikes and automobiles; created a market for rubber, which King Leopold II took advantage of in the Congo

Question 17

Friedrich Nietzsche

Answer 17

Wrote The Happy Science (1882)

Claimed Europeans are losing their faith and sense of right/wrong

Question 18

Eduard Munch

Answer 18

Painted “The Scream” (1893)

Depicted spiritual anguish Europeans felt in late 19th century

Question 19

Henri Massis & Alfred de Tarde

Answer 19

Wrote The Young People of Today (1913)

Interviewed French uni students, where they complained of boredom, lack of direction, crisis of values, and they proposed solution of war (foreshadowing WWI)

Question 20

John Maynard Keynes

Answer 20

Wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)

British economist warned Germany’s WWI reparation payments (33 billion) too high and significancesignificancesignificance

Question 21

Factory Act of 1833

Answer 21

AKA Althorp’s Act

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Question 22

Factory Act of 1847

Answer 22

AKA Ten Hours Act

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Question 23

Prussian Constitution of 1850

Answer 23

Called for consitituional monarchy; parliament was called Prussian Diet, but king has 100% control of Parliament

Question 24

Reparations involving Alsace-Lorraine

Answer 24

French had to give up Alsace-Lorraine after Franco-Prussian war, leading to more hostility with Germany and contributing to WWI

Question 25

“the blank check”

Answer 25

Germany’s promise to aid Austro-Hungary against Serbia (only willing because of their battle plan); beginning of an alliance;

Question 26

Schlieffen Plan

Answer 26

Developed by German military in 1905 to quickly end a 2-front war with France and Russia (WWI); put into action as soon as WWI started in 1914, but failed because Russia rapidly deployed its army

Question 27

Peace of Paris

Answer 27

Harsh terms partially contributed to WWII

Included Treaty of St. Germain (break Austro-Hungary into “democratic” nation-states) and Treaty of Versailles (new Germany capital Weimar, now called Weimar Republic, monarchy voluntarily dissolved).

Three full parts of Treaty of Versailles are war-guilt clause, $33 B reparations, reduced military and giving back Alsace-Lorraine

Question 28

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 28

US President (1913-1921) brought up 
"14 Points" on January 18, 1913 (before war ended); evidence of US rise to global power

14 points called for Austro-Hungary divided into democratic nation-states, but not ethnically homogenous which led to problems

Question 29

Article 231

Answer 29

AKA war-guilt clause; found in the Peace of Paris, Germany made 100% responsible for all war damages

Question 30

Water frame

Answer 30

Richard Arkwright (1769) - father of the factory

Made stronger string (stretched cotton with water first); very large, only wealthy could keep them

First factories made available in large buildings

Question 31

Book:

What is to be Done?

Answer 31

(1902) Written by Lenin, discussed his ideas involving Leninism.

(( Rejected scientific laws of history. Instead, believed that human will and power cause historical change.

A revolutionary vanguard (small group of political leaders who organize and engineer a revolution) will put into action this change. ))

Question 32

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 32

(March 1918) Lenin removed Russia from WWI

Question 33

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Answer 33

(March 1921) Lenin called for promotion of private property and free enterprise

Interesting because it goes against all previous teachings. Lenin wanted to gain support of those who opposed the Bolshevik Party (the wealthy peasants)

People disliked it because they were apparent “bourgeoisie” practices

Question 34

First Five-Year Plan

Answer 34

(1929-1932) Stalin wanted to rapidly industrialize Russia, establish a command economy, and end NEP.

Industrialization gives military strength and world power, so Stalin can keep his control.

Large group of wealthy peasants mainly in Ukraine protested against command economy, and they were liquidated.

The plan was so successful that it did not last the full five years