Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RB Y2 Renal > Penile and Testicular Carcinoma > Flashcards

Penile and Testicular Carcinoma Flashcards

1
Q

where is penile cancer most common

A

rare in the UK, more common in the far east and africa (poor hygiene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is penile cancer more common in circumcised or uncircumcised individuals

A

rare in circumcised individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phimosis

A
  • inability to retract the foreskin
  • associated with BXO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name 2 pre malignant cutaenous penile lesions

A
  • BXO
  • leukoplakia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BXO

A
  • white patches, fissuring, bleeding and scarring that usually affects the tip of the glans
  • the urethra may narrow, resulting in poor urine flow and requiring dilatation
  • can cause phimosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is BXO treated

A

circumcision and glans resurfacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

leukoplakia in the penis

A
  • pre malignant lesion
  • abnormal white spots that may form around the urethra opening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the peak age for penile SCC

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

causes of penile SCC

A
  • poor hygiene
  • there is an association with HPV 16
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name 2 forms of penile SCC in situ

A
  • Bowen’s
  • erythroplasia of queyrat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bowen’s disease

A
  • CIS
  • red patches on the genitalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

erythroplasia of queyrat

A
  • CIS
  • a form of Bowen’s disease
  • occurs on the glans, prepuce or shaft of penis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are Bowen’s disease and EoQ precursors for and associated with

A

precursors for invasive SCC and associated with HPV 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which tumours can be managed with circumcision

A

those on the prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

treatment for penile CIS

A

topical 5 fluourouracil (cytotoxic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when does most invasive SCC present

A

delayed - most have already spread to a lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

presentation of invasive penile SCC

A
  • red area/mass/nodule on the penis
  • can ulcerate
  • phimosis
  • itching, fungating mass
  • foul smell
  • advanced cases may cause haematuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

investigation of a primary penile tumour

A
  • physical examination
  • cytological and histological diagnosis
  • US
  • MRI if US inconclusive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

investigation of lymph nodes

A

radonuclide sentinel node biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

investigation of metastases

A

CT, bone scan in symptomatic patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where does lymph from the penis, testis and scrotum drain

A
  • Lymph from the scrotum & most of the penis (not the glans) drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes found in the superficial fascia in the groin
  • Lymph from the testis drains to the lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

outline the arterial blood supply to the penis and scrotum

A
  • Blood supply to the penis is via the deep arteries of the penis; branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)
  • Blood supply to the scrotum is via the internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

staging of penile invasive SCC

A

TNM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

management of invasive penile SCC

A

total or partial penectomy and reconstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does inguinal node infiltation suggest

A

poorer prognosis

26
Q

chemotherapy options

A

5FU and cisplatin

27
Q

mangement options of invasive penile SCC

A
  • radiotherapy if early
  • surgery and lymph node dissection if late
28
Q

what is the most common malignancy in males aged 14-44

A

testicular tumour

29
Q

incidence of contralateral testicular tumours

A

5%

30
Q

most common type of testicular tumours

A

germ cell tumours

  • seminomatous - 55%
  • non-seminomatous (NSGCT) - 33%
    • teratoma is a histological division
  • mixed germ cell tumour
  • and lymphoma
31
Q

what age does seminoma occur in

A

30-55, rare before puberty

32
Q

macroscopic appearance of seminoma

A
  • solid, homogenous, pale - potato tumour
  • large tumour cells with abdundant clear cytoplasm
  • the stormal infiltrate is variable, but when present is an adverse prognostic feature
33
Q

spread of seminoma tumours

A
  • rarely spread beyond the testes - are a more localized tumour
  • can spread to para aortic lymph nodes
  • via blood to lungs and liver
34
Q

what marker is used to monitor seminoma

A

Placental ALP

35
Q

what treatment option are seminomas very sensitive to

A

radiotherapy!! 95% v good prognosis

36
Q

what is the most common histological subtype of NSCT

A

teratoma

37
Q

peak incidence of teratoma

A

20-30 years

38
Q

describe the nature of teratomas

A

they are a more aggressive tumour, they spread earlier

39
Q

describe the macroscopic appearance of teratomas

A

varied: solid area, cyst, haemorrhage, necrosis

40
Q

describe the histology of teratomas

A

multiple tissue types

41
Q

treatment of teratoma

A

chemosensitive -even in v advanced disease

42
Q

features of testicular tumour

A
  • painless, insensitive testicular swelling
  • 2y hydrocele
  • gynaecomastia
  • systemic features of malignancy
  • 10% present with metastases
43
Q

how may metastases from testicular tumours present

A
  • lymph nodes
  • dyspnoea due to lung infiltration
44
Q

risk factors for testicular tumour

A
  • UNDESCENDED TESTES
  • infant hernia
  • infertility
45
Q

intial imaging of testicular tumour

A

US - 95% sensitivity and specificity

46
Q

staging investigations for testicular tumour

A

CXR, CT

47
Q

markers for testicular tumours

A
  • AFP - marker of yolk sac components secreted by non-seminomatous germ cell tumours
  • ßHCG - marker of trophoblastic components
  • LDH - marker of tumour burden
  • PLAP
48
Q

what is PLAP a marker for

A

seminoma

49
Q

markers in seminoma

A
  • AFP always 0
  • HCG 10%
50
Q

markers in teratoma

A

60% ßHCG raised and AFP 70% raised

51
Q

when are markers used in testicular tumour

A

used in diagnosis, repsonse to therapy, detecting early recurrence

52
Q

staging of testicular tumours

A
  • TNM and AJCC
  • includes serum tumour marker
53
Q

what does pTX mean on testicular tumour staging

A

tumour cannot be elevated

54
Q

serum tumour staging - SX and S0

A
  • SX - cannot be evaluated
  • S0 - normal
55
Q

treatment of testicular tumours

A
  • rapid orchidectomy
  • chemo and radio options
56
Q

what treatment are seminomas particularly sensitive to

A

radiotherapy

57
Q

what treatment are teratomas sensitive to

A

chemotherapy

58
Q

which lymph nodes would you maybe want to dissect in testicular tumours

A
  • retroperitoneal lymph nodes (abdominal) - residual LN may harbor tumour
  • note dissection means removal and biopsy
59
Q

what may surgery in the retroperitoneal space (eg lymph node dissection) cause

A

fibrosis - may need a stent

60
Q

describe the process of orchiectomy

A
  • approach via an inguinal incision
  • ligate the cord fairly high up
  • may insert a prosthesis teste
  • there are indications for a contralateral biopsy, as there is a risk of cancer
61
Q

compare the prognosis of teratoma and seminoma

A

teratoma is worse

RB Y2 Renal (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions