Dialysis Flashcards

1
Q

short term objectives of dialysis

A
  • Correct electrolyte balance
  • Correct metabolic acidosis
  • Correct fluid state
  • Remove toxins
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2
Q

longer term objectives of dialysis

A
  • Optimise the patients functional status
  • Control BP
  • Prevent uraemia and its complications
  • Improve survival
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3
Q

what medication must be given with dialysis

A

anti coagulation (usually heparin) to prevent thrombosis in the blood circuit

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4
Q

how efficient is dialysis

A
  • not very, a longer treatment is needed for better efficiency - can never have enough but must strike a balance with QOL
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5
Q

minmum treatment

A
  • 4h/3d/week
  • Decreasing dialysis increases morbidity, and increasing it although having a potentially better survival, impairs QOL
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6
Q

patient restrictions whilst on dialysis

A
  • fluid restriction - 1l per day if anuric
  • salt restriction - reduces thirst and helps with fluid balance
  • low potassium diet
  • low phosphate diet and phosphate binders - phosphate in particular is not well removed by dialysis
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7
Q

gold standard dialysis access

A
  • fistula - joins an artery and vein to make an enlarged thick walled vein called an arteriovenous fistula
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8
Q

pros and cons of AV fistula

A
  • pros: good blood flow and unlikely to cause infection
  • cons:
    • requires surgery
    • needs to mature for around 6-12 weeks before use
    • can block
    • can cause steal syndrome
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9
Q

steal syndrome

A
  • ischaemia resulting from a fistula
  • features: pale, pallor, reduced wrist-brachial index, dec pulse
  • can cause ischaemic ulcers and necrosis
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10
Q

tunneled venous catheter

A
  • used in situations where immediate access is required eg acute deterioration from CKD
  • catheter inserted into a large vein eg jugular, subclavian or femoral
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11
Q

indications for emergency dialysis

A
  • Bloods: severe resistant hyperkalaemia (>7), GFR<5, Ur>45, unresponsive acidosis
  • Refractory fluid overload due to oliguria – pulmonary oedema
  • Uraemic symptoms: nausea, seizure, pericarditis, bleeding
  • Toxins/drugs
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12
Q

cons of tunneled venous catheter

A
  • high risk of infection - endocarditis, discitis
  • can damage veins making replacements difficult
  • can become blocked
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13
Q

what tends to cause infections in haemodialysis, and management

A
  • S. Aureus is a major concern, tends to be skin commensals
  • Investigation: blood culture, FBC and CRP, exit site swab
  • Management: ABx (vancomycin – is dialyzable, cleared by renal excretion), line removal or exchange
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14
Q

potential complications of haemodialysis

A
  • steal syndrome
  • infection
  • thrombosis
  • stenosis
  • hypotension
  • fluid overload
  • blood leaks
    • fistulas can rupture
  • loss of vascular access
  • hypo/hyperkalaemia and cardiac arrest
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

how doe haemodialysis often lead to hypotension

A

removal of large volumes of water at a time can lead to under filling of the intravascular space and low BP

17
Q

myocardial stunning

A
  • can occur on haemodialysis after hypotension causes low coronary perfusion
  • cardiac dysfunction that persists after reperfusion in the absence of irreversible injury
18
Q

why is it important to gradually increase session length

A
  • Risk of dysequilibrium syndrome if correction is too quick - can cause cerebral oedema and brain herniation
  • Clinical signs of cerebral oedema are focal neurological deficits, papilloedema, decreased level of consciousness.
19
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A
  • the peritoneal membrane is used as a semi permeable membrane
  • water removal by osmosis is driven by the high glucose concentration in the dialysate fluid
20
Q

what are the consequences of glucose driven osmosis in peritoneal dialysis

A
  • patients put on weight
  • diabetic control worsens
21
Q

APD

A
  • 1 bag of fluid stays in all day
  • An overnight machine drains fluid etc. for 9-10 hours per night
22
Q

CAPD

A
  • Requires 4 bag exchanges per day – fluid drained and fresh fluid instilled
  • Each exchange takes around half an hour
23
Q

complications of PD

A
  • infection - peritonitis or at exit site
  • can be due to contamination (often from skin) or gut bacterial translocation
  • managed with ABx, and may need to remove catheter
24
Q
A
25
Q

membrane failure with PD

A
  • inevitable after a few years
  • patients become fluid overloaded and uraemic due to inability to remove enough water and urea
  • must switch to HD
26
Q

hernias

A
  • often occur in PD due to the increased intra abdominal pressure
  • hernias require repairing and less volume will be used the next time to prevent recurrence
27
Q

when do most patients start dialysis

A

Patients tend to start when GFR reaches 10 or 15 if they are diabetics. Argument to leave it for as long as possible.

28
Q

what is the most common cause of death in RRT

A
  • cardiovascular disease: 20%
    • MI and CVA are much more common in dialysis patients, thought to be due to hypertension and calcium/phosphate dysregulation.
29
Q

malignancy in dialysis patients

A

more common

30
Q
A