Dialysis Flashcards
1
Q
short term objectives of dialysis
A
- Correct electrolyte balance
- Correct metabolic acidosis
- Correct fluid state
- Remove toxins
2
Q
longer term objectives of dialysis
A
- Optimise the patients functional status
- Control BP
- Prevent uraemia and its complications
- Improve survival
3
Q
what medication must be given with dialysis
A
anti coagulation (usually heparin) to prevent thrombosis in the blood circuit
4
Q
how efficient is dialysis
A
- not very, a longer treatment is needed for better efficiency - can never have enough but must strike a balance with QOL
5
Q
minmum treatment
A
- 4h/3d/week
- Decreasing dialysis increases morbidity, and increasing it although having a potentially better survival, impairs QOL
6
Q
patient restrictions whilst on dialysis
A
- fluid restriction - 1l per day if anuric
- salt restriction - reduces thirst and helps with fluid balance
- low potassium diet
- low phosphate diet and phosphate binders - phosphate in particular is not well removed by dialysis
7
Q
gold standard dialysis access
A
- fistula - joins an artery and vein to make an enlarged thick walled vein called an arteriovenous fistula
8
Q
pros and cons of AV fistula
A
- pros: good blood flow and unlikely to cause infection
- cons:
- requires surgery
- needs to mature for around 6-12 weeks before use
- can block
- can cause steal syndrome
9
Q
steal syndrome
A
- ischaemia resulting from a fistula
- features: pale, pallor, reduced wrist-brachial index, dec pulse
- can cause ischaemic ulcers and necrosis
10
Q
tunneled venous catheter
A
- used in situations where immediate access is required eg acute deterioration from CKD
- catheter inserted into a large vein eg jugular, subclavian or femoral
11
Q
indications for emergency dialysis
A
- Bloods: severe resistant hyperkalaemia (>7), GFR<5, Ur>45, unresponsive acidosis
- Refractory fluid overload due to oliguria – pulmonary oedema
- Uraemic symptoms: nausea, seizure, pericarditis, bleeding
- Toxins/drugs
12
Q
cons of tunneled venous catheter
A
- high risk of infection - endocarditis, discitis
- can damage veins making replacements difficult
- can become blocked
13
Q
what tends to cause infections in haemodialysis, and management
A
- S. Aureus is a major concern, tends to be skin commensals
- Investigation: blood culture, FBC and CRP, exit site swab
- Management: ABx (vancomycin – is dialyzable, cleared by renal excretion), line removal or exchange
14
Q
potential complications of haemodialysis
A
- steal syndrome
- infection
- thrombosis
- stenosis
- hypotension
- fluid overload
- blood leaks
- fistulas can rupture
- loss of vascular access
- hypo/hyperkalaemia and cardiac arrest
15
Q
A