Pelvic Viscera

Question 1

Pelvic Girdle Components (3)

Answer 1

-Sacrum
-Innominate bones
-Coccyx

Question 2

Innominate Bones Main Features (3)

Answer 2

-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubis

Question 3

Joints of Pelvis

Answer 3

1. Sacroiliac joints
   -Auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium
2. Symphysis pubis
   -Fibrocartilaginous disc b/t left and right pubis (symphyseal surfaces)

Question 4

Pelvic Inlet vs. Outlet (4 and 3 Borders)

Answer 4

Inlet borders:
-Sacral promontory
-Sacral ala
-Iliopectineal line
-Symphysis pubis

Outlet borders:
-Coccyx
-Ischial tuberosities
-Symphysis pubis

Question 5

True vs. False Pelvis

Answer 5

True pelvis= more inferior, supports inferior viscera

False pelvis= more superior (larger bony parts), support more superior pelvic viscera

Question 6

Male vs. Female Pelvis (2 Differences)

Answer 6

Subpubic angle and interspinous distance= both larger for females for child-bearing

Question 7

Pelvic Diaphragm- Function, Features and Muscles

Answer 7

Function: support pelvic viscera

Features: urogenital hiatus and anal aperture

Muscles: levator ani group (puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus) and coccygeus

*puborectalis forms urogenital hiatus and keeps rectum in position (‘anal sling’)

Question 8

Pelvic Viscera- Male (4) vs. Female (4) + Both (4)

Answer 8

Male:
-Vas deferens
-Seminal vesicles
-Ejaculatory ducts
-Prostate gland

Female:
-Uterus
-Uterine tubes
-Ovaries
-Vagina

Both:
-Bladder
-Ureters
-Sigmoid colon
-Rectum

Question 9

Broad Ligament

Answer 9

-Covers female pelvic viscera (entire cavity)
-Double fold of peritoneum
-3 divisions: mesometrium, mesovarium and mesosalpinx

Question 10

Mesometrium

Answer 10

-Largest division of the broad ligament
-Covers the uterus and bladder

Question 11

Mesovarium

Answer 11

-Suspends ovaries from uterine tubes

Question 12

Mesosalpinx

Answer 12

-Surrounds uterine tubes

Question 13

Uterus Components (5)

Answer 13

-Fundus (top dome shape)
-Uterine cavity
-Cervix
-Internal and external O’s
-Cervical canal

Question 14

Uterus Ligaments (3)

Answer 14

1. Uterosacral ligament
2. Cardinal ligament
3. Round ligament

Question 15

Uterine Tubes Components

Answer 15

-Isthmus
-Ampulla
-Infundibulum
-Fimbriae

Question 16

Ovaries

Answer 16

-Paired almond shaped organs
-Produce ova (eggs)
-Secrete estrogen and progesterone
-Suspensory ligament anchors ovaries to pelvic side wall
-Located superior to uterus

Question 17

Vagina

Answer 17

-Open to external environment
-Begins at external O’s of the cervix
-Posterior to bladder
-Protrusion of cervix creates fornixes (medial and lateral)

Question 18

Seminal Vesicles

Answer 18

-Posterior surface of bladder
-Lateral to ductus deferens tubes
-Glandular structures
-Store and produce fluid that makes up majority of semen

Question 19

Ejaculatory Ducts

Answer 19

-Formed by union of seminal vesicles and ductus deferens

Question 20

Prostate Gland

Answer 20

-Inferior to bladder
-Walnut shaped
-Traversed by prostatic urethra
-Prostate utricle contracts to widen the openings of the ejaculatory ducts
-Produce seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
-Semen enters urethra through prostate
-Plays a role in hormone production and helps regulate urine flow

Question 21

Rectum

Answer 21

-Continuous with anal canal distally
-2 flexures: sacral flexure and anorectal flexure
-3 transverse folds (superior, inferior and middle) and 3 lateral flexures

Question 22

Ureters

Answer 22

-Exit renal pelvis
-Pass posterior to gonadal vessels and anterior to psoas major
-Pass anterior to iliac vessels
-Enter posterior aspect of bladder

Question 23

Bladder Components (6)

Answer 23

-Apex
-Body
-Ureters (dump into bladder)
-Internal urethral orifices
-Trigone (b/t 3 orifices)
-Urethra

Question 24

Relational Anatomy: Males

Answer 24

Central organ: prostate gland
Anterior: symphysis pubis
Posterior: seminal vesicles
Superior: bladder
Inferior: pelvic diaphragm

Question 25

Relational Anatomy: Females

Answer 25

Central organ: bladder
Anterior: symphysis pubis
Posterior: vagina
Superior: uterus
Inferior: pelvic diaphragm

Question 26

Blood Supply Overview

Answer 26

-Common iliac artery -> internal iliac artery and external iliac artery

-Gonadal arteries
-Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 27

Uterus Blood Supply

Answer 27

Internal iliac artery -> uterine artery

Question 28

Ovaries Blood Supply

Answer 28

Abdominal aorta -> left and right ovarian arteries

Question 29

Rectum Blood Supply

Answer 29

Inferior mesenteric artery -> superior rectal artery

Internal iliac artery -> middle and inferior rectal artery

Question 30

Innervation of Pelvic Viscera

Answer 30

-Innervated by the autonomic nervous system
-Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 31

Sympathetic Innervation

Answer 31

1. Preganglionic neurons in L1 and L2
2. Inferior mesenteric ganglion or inferior hypogastric plexus
3. Pelvic viscera

*Inhibits bladder, excited internal urethral sphincter (prevents urination)
*Inhibits peristaltic contraction, excites internal anal sphincter (prevents defecation)
*Excites uterine contraction

Question 32

Parasympathetic Innervation

Answer 32

1. Preganglionic neurons: S2, S3, S4
2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
3. Pelvic viscera

*Excites bladder, inhibits internal urethral sphincter (allows urination)
*Excites peristaltic contraction, inhibits internal anal sphincter (allows defecation)
*Inhibits uterine contraction