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ANAT 316 > Intro to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

One of the smallest and most complex body systems, made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves helping to to control all our bodily functions.

-Mass of only 2kg (~3% of total body weight)
-Contains approx. 100 billion neurons
-Uses more energy than any other organ (over 20%)
-Highly organized network, 2 cell types:

  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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2
Q

Major components of the NS (6)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Cranial nerves
  4. Spinal nerves
  5. Ganglia
  6. Sensory receptors
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3
Q

2 Major Anatomical Divisions of NS

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
    -Brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    -Cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors
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4
Q

Nerve definition

A

Bundle of axons (nerve cell fibres) located outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Cranial Nerves (PNS)

A

-12 pairs of nerves (I-XII)
-Emerge from base of brain

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6
Q

Spinal Nerves (PNS)

A

-31 pairs of nerves
-Emerge from spinal cord

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7
Q

Ganglia (PNS)

A

-Clusters of neuron cell bodies
-Located outside CNS

*relay station for neurons

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8
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

-Monitor changes in environment
-Skin, eyes, nose, muscles, etc.

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9
Q

Functional Organization (3 Functions)

A
  1. Sensory Function (input)
  2. Integrative Function (control)
  3. Motor Function (output)
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10
Q

Sensory Function (Input)

A

-Sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli
-Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information to CNS

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11
Q

Integrative Function (Control)

A

-Interneurons (in CNS) analyze sensory information
-Involves perception (conscious awareness) of stimuli

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12
Q

Motor Function (Output)

A

-Motor (efferent) neurons respond to integration
-Initiate actions in effector organs (e.g. muscles, glands)

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13
Q

Afferent vs. Efferent Neurons

A

Afferent= sensory (to CNS)
Efferent= motor (response from CNS)

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14
Q

Divisions of the Nervous System

A

CNS:
-Brain and spinal cord

PNS:
-Somatic and autonomic nervous system

Autonomic System:
-Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  1. Somatic sensory neurons:
    -Convey information TO CNS FROM sensory receptors for integration (input)
  2. Somatic motor neurons:
    -Convey information FROM CNS TO skeletal muscles for muscular contraction (output)

*regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system:
    -Increase in activity and metabolic rate
    -“Fight-or-flight” response
    -Examples: dilate pupils, increase HR, inhibit intestinal activity
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system:
    -Decrease in activity and metabolic rate
    -“Rest-or-digest” response
    -Examples: constrict pupils, decrease HR, stimulate intestinal activity

*regulates involuntary control

17
Q

2 Cell Types of the Nervous System

A
  1. Neurons
    -Basic structural and functional units
    -Form complex processing networks
    -Transfer and process info
  2. Neuroglia
    -Smaller and more abundant
    -Support, nourish and protect neurons
    -Do not participate in transfer of info

*multiple neuroglia surround neurons

18
Q

What is the Cerebrum

A

-Largest and most anterior part of the brain
-A.k.a telencephalon
-Consists of 2 hemispheres separated by a fissure
-Initiates and manages conscious thoughts and actions

19
Q

Function of Cerebrum (Right vs. Left Hemispheres)

A

Involved in: reading, writing, speaking, doing logic calculations, making creative art, memory, planning, imagination

*right hemisphere more controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic skills
*left hemisphere more controls motor control, speech, abstract thinking
*both control movement on the contralateral side of the body

20
Q

Components of the Cerebrum (4)

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. White and grey matter (white= internal, grey= external)
  3. Gyrus and sulcus (gyrus= ridges, sulcus= folds)
  4. Cerebral cortex (outer layer that covers cerebrum)
21
Q

2 Features of the Cerebrum

A
  1. Longitudinal fissure (separates right and left cerebral hemispheres)
  2. Corpus callosum (connects right and left hemispheres; “bridge”)
22
Q

5 Lobes of Cerebrum and Their Functions

A
  1. Frontal lobe: executive functioning (planning, determining)
  2. Temporal lobe: auditory and speech
  3. Parietal lobe: touch and spatial recognition
  4. Occipital lobe: vision
  5. Insular lobe (insula): autonomic processes

*anterior to posterior, with insular lobe deep

23
Q

Lobe Divisions of Cerebrum (3)

A
  1. Central sulcus: b/t frontal and parietal lobes (top)
  2. Lateral sulcus: b/t frontal and temporal lobes (side)
  3. Parieto-occipital sulcus: b/t parietal and occipital lobes (back)
24
Q

Cerebellum Features (6)

A
  1. Folia (grey matter)
  2. Arbor vitae (white matter)
  3. Transverse fissure (b/t cerebellum and cerebrum)
  4. Cerebellar peduncles
  5. Cerebellar hemispheres
  6. Vermis (connects hemispheres)

*Tentorium cerebelli (restricts movement of cerebrum and cerebellum, separates cerebrum from cerebellum and brain stem)

25
Q

Cerebellum Functions

A

-Coordinates voluntary movements
-Regulates posture and balance

26
Q

Cerebellar Ataxia (Clinical Application)

A

-Uncoordinated movements due to lesion/damage to cerebellum and/or its cerebral connections

-Caused by stroke, alcohol misuse, tumour, multiple sclerosis, genetic disorders

27
Q

CTE- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (Clinical Application)

A

-Progressive, degenerative brain disorder
-Caused by concussions, repeated head injuries
-Involves atrophy of grey and white matter, makes the fissures bigger/more spread apart

ANAT 316 (22 decks)

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