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ANAT 316 > Neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the SCALP (5)

A

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum

*superficial to deep

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2
Q

“Scalp Proper”

A

-First 3 layers of the scalp, they are all connected and move together

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis

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3
Q

Deep Scalp

A

-Deepest 2 layers

Loose connective tissue
Periosteum

*emissary veins in the LCT provide a potential infection pathway into the cranial vault

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4
Q

Aponeurosis function

A

Helps prevent stretching of the scalp

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5
Q

What are the Meninges

A

3 layers of tissue, provide protection and support to the spinal cord (CNS)

Superficial to deep:
-Dura mater
-Arachnoid mater
-Pia mater

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6
Q

Dura Mater

A

-Thick layer of meninges deep to the calvarium (skull cap)
-Encloses dural venous sinuses, major structures that drain the cranial vault

Forms 3 invaginations (folds) within cranial vault
1. Falx cerebri
2. Tentorium cerebelli
3. Falx cerebelli

*falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the crista galli of ethmoid bone

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7
Q

2 Layers of Dura Mater

A
  1. Periosteal layer
  2. Meningeal layer

-At the edge of the skull, at the foramen magnum, this menix splits and continues around the edge of the skull (periosteal layer) AND around the spinal cord (meningeal layer)

*layers split to help form the dural venous sinuses

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8
Q

2 Spaces of Dura Mater

A
  1. Epidural space
  2. Subdural space

*these spaces are potential spaces (not found unless trauma/disease cause separation if them)

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9
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

-Sits deep to the dura, on the dura
-Subarachnoid space sits between arachnoid and pia, contains CSF

*Arachnoid granulations drain CSF through the dura
*Arachnoid trabeculae support the arachnoid mater

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10
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Functions

A

Help to metabolically and physically support the brain

Metabolically- exchange medium
Physically- buoyancy and cushion

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11
Q

Pia Mater

A

-Closely covers cortical sulci and gyri
-Subpial space exists b/t pia and cortex
(another potential space not normally present)

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12
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

-Dura and arachnoid meninges cover the Spinal Nerve Roots
-Denticulate ligaments (from pia) connect to dura for cord stability *suspend spinal cord in dural sheath

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13
Q

Spinal Meninges- 4 Spaces

A
  1. Epidural Space- between vertebral canal and dura (contains fat and venous plexuses)
  2. Subdural- between dura and arachnoid *potential space
  3. Subarachnoid Space- between arachnoid and pia (contains CSF)
  4. Subpial spaces- below pia mater *potential space
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14
Q

What are the ventricles

A

4 cavities within the brain responsible for deep CSF flow
-2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

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15
Q

Lateral Ventricles (6 Components)

A
  1. Anterior horn
  2. Posterior horn
  3. Inferior horn
  4. Body
  5. Atrium (large triangular space)
  6. Interventricular Foramen of Munro (connect lateral and 3rd ventricle)

*associated with various lobes of cerebrum (telencephalon)

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16
Q

Third Ventricle (6 Components)

A
  1. Anterior wall
  2. Posterior wall
  3. Lateral walls
  4. Roof
  5. Floor
  6. Interthalamic adhesion

*associated with thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)

17
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles, passing through midbrain into the pons

18
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

There are 3 apertures in the 4th ventricle:
-2 Lateral (Foramina of Luschka)
-1 Median (Foramen of Magendie)

*associated with the pons (myelencephalon)

19
Q

Beyond 4th Ventricle

A

Central canal continues all the way down the spinal cord

-Provides metabolic support to the deep spinal cord

20
Q

Clinical Connection- Hydrocephalus

A

-Abnormal enlargements of the ventricles caused by buildup of CSF
-Can be caused by blockages in ventricular foramina (e.g. interventricular foramen)

21
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

-Collection of ependymal cells found on walls of all 4 ventricles in specific areas

*produces CSF which flows into the ventricles

22
Q

Ventricular Flow of CSF

A

Lateral ventricle -> Interventricular foramen -> 3rd ventricle -> Cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> Foramina of Luschka or Magendie (to brain) or Central Canal (to spinal cord)

23
Q

CSF Flow Exiting the Ventricles

A

-CSF exits into small subarachnoid spaces called cisterns (small cavities)
-From cisterns, CSF flows along outer cortices of the cerebrum and cerebellum (bathe superficial brain)

-CSF exits subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations
-These pierce through the dura to drain CSF into dural venous sinuses

24
Q

Overview of Cranial CSF Flow (11)

A
  1. Choroid plexus
  2. Lateral ventricle
  3. Interventricular foramen
  4. Third ventricle
  5. Cerebral aqueduct
  6. Fourth ventricle
  7. Median/Lateral Apertures OR central canal to spinal cord
  8. Subarachnoid cisterns
  9. Bathes superficial brain
  10. Arachnoid granulations
  11. Dural venous sinuses
25
Q

Great Vessels of the Heart

A

Three major branches off the aorta:
1. Brachiocephalic
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery

*brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates (ends and splits) into right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

26
Q

Four Major Arteries to the Brain

A

Common carotid artery -> internal carotid artery
Subclavian artery -> vertebral artery

*vertebral artery runs through the vertebral foramina of the cervical vertebrae
*goes up and meets in middle (anastomose) to form Basilar artery, which Pontine arteries come off

27
Q

2 Arteries Through the Skull

A

-Internal carotid artery goes through carotid canal
-Vertebral artery goes through anterior portion of foramen magnum

28
Q

Basilar Artery

A

Left and right vertebral arteries anastomose (join) to form the Basilar artery
-Sits in basilar groove of pons
-Gives off Pontine arteries to supply the pons

Bifurcates into 2 posterior cerebral arteries, which supply the posterior cerebral cortex

29
Q

What is the Circle of Willis

A

Anastomosis of arteries providing major cerebral blood supply

Purpose: in the case of a clot in a vertebral or internal carotid artery, maintains cerebral blood flow throughout brain

*is a circle so if there is damage to one part, blood can still be supplied

30
Q

Circle of Willis (7)

A
  1. Basilar artery
  2. Posterior cerebral arteries
  3. Posterior communicating arteries
  4. Internal carotid arteries
  5. Middle cerebral arteries
  6. Anterior cerebral arteries
  7. Anterior communicating artery

*basilar bifurcates into posterior cerebral arteries
*internal carotid artery gives off anterior and middle cerebral arteries, AND the posterior communicating artery (which connects internal carotid with posterior cerebral)
*communicating arteries provide connections

31
Q

Venous Drainage

A

Consists of dural venous sinuses that drain the inner structures of the cranial vault

  1. Superior sagittal sinus
  2. Confluence of sinuses
  3. Transverse sinuses (sit in tentorium cerebelli)
32
Q

Terminal Drainage of Brain

A

-Transverse sinus becomes Sigmoid sinus when exiting tentorium cerebelli
-Sigmoid sinus drains into Internal Jugular Vein
-Jugular bulb is a superior enlargement of the internal jugular vein

33
Q

Cavernous Sinus

A

-Venous plexus sitting lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone
-Drains eye, parts of cerebral cortex and pituitary gland
-Pierced by the internal carotid artery, which then curves up to exit the dura and contribute to circle of willis

34
Q

Overview Venous Drainage of the Skull (6)

A
  1. Superior sagittal sinus
  2. Confluence of sinuses
  3. Transverse sinus
  4. Cavernous sinus *separate
  5. Sigmoid sinus
  6. Internal jugular vein

ANAT 316 (22 decks)

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