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ANAT 316 > Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon Components (3)

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

*superior to midbrain

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2
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon
-Paired oval masses of grey matter organized into nuclei
-Major relay centre for sensory impulses (exception= smell/olfaction)
-Also contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum to primary motor cortex of cerebrum
-Plays a role in regulation of autonomic activities and maintenance of consciousness

-Internal capsule sits lateral to thalamus, is a thick band of white matter (axons pass through for info from thalamus to cerebral cortex)

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Major regulator of homeostasis, produces hormones that act on pituitary gland, regulates emotional and behavioural patterns with limbic system, circadian rhythm, internal temp.

*autonomic system

Infundibulum connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

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4
Q

Epithalamus

A

Contains Habenular nuclei for smell/olfaction, and Pineal gland that is also part of endocrine system, secretes hormone melatonin to help regulate circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Brainstem 3 Components

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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6
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Continuation of the superior part of the spinal cord, forms the inferior part of the brainstem
*begins at foramen magnum, extends up to inferior border of pons

Contains all sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain

*Anterior aspect of the medulla has 2 prominent bulges called pyramids

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7
Q

Decussation of Pyramids

A

-90% of axons cross to opposite side, crossing is called the decussation of pyramids
-Allows for contralateral control

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8
Q

Pons

A

-Superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum
-Contains a control centre for respiration

-Transmit signals between your forebrain and cerebellum. The pons is essential in sending information to your body, giving you sensory cues and motor information

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9
Q

Midbrain

A

-Extends upward from pons to diencephalon
-Involved in auditory and visual pathway

*cerebral aqueduct passes through midbrain to connect 3rd and 4th ventricles

Contains superior colliculi (vision) and inferior colliculi (hearing)

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10
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-Cranial nerves numbered cranial to caudal by Roman numerals
-Names indicate the distribution, structure and function

*12 pairs of nerves, part of the PNS

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11
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory (S)
  2. Optic (S)
  3. Oculomotor (M)
  4. Trochlear (M)
  5. Trigeminal (B)
  6. Abducens (M)
  7. Facial (B)
  8. Vestibulocochlear (S)
  9. Glossopharyngeal (B)
  10. Vagus (B)
  11. Accessory (M)
  12. Hypoglossal (M)

“Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly”

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12
Q

Cranial Nerve Classification/Function

A

Sensory nerves: contain axons of sensory neurons- 1, 2, 8

Motor nerves: contain axons of motor neurons- 3, 4, 6, 11, 12

Mixed nerves: contains axons of sensory and motor neurons- 5, 7, 9, 10

“Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More”

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13
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve (S)

Function: olfaction (smell)
Exits: cribriform plate

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14
Q

CN II

A

Optic Nerve (S)

Function: vision (sight)
Exits: optic canal

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15
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor Nerve (M)

Function: movement of eyeballs (4 out of 6 muscles)
Exits: superior orbital fissure

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16
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear Nerve (M)

Function: movement of eyeballs (superior oblique muscle)
Exits: superior orbital fissure

17
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve (B)

Function: sensory innervation to the face, motor innervation to muscles of mastication

3 Branches:
Ophthalmic branch (V1)- exits superior orbital fissure
Maxillary branch (V2)- exits foramen rotundum
Mandibular branch (V3)- exits foramen ovale

18
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens Nerve (M)

Function: movement of eyeballs (lateral rectus muscle)- abducts
Exits: superior orbital fissure (3, 4, 5, 6 s.o.f)

19
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve (B)

Function: control muscles of facial expression, taste for anterior 2/3 tongue
Exits: stylomastoid foramen

20
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (S)

Function: hearing and equilibrium
Exits: Internal acoustic meatus

21
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (B)

Function: taste for posterior 1/3 tongue, motor for throat and mouth (swallowing)
Exits: jugular foramen

22
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve (B)

Function: autonomic regulation
Exits: jugular foramen

23
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory Nerve (M)

Function: innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
Exits: jugular foramen and foramen magnum

24
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (M)

Function: speech, manipulation of food, swallowing (motor of tongue)
Exits: Hypoglossal foramen

25
Q

Protective Structures of Spinal Cord (3)

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Spinal meninges (pia, arachnoid and dura mater; innermost to outermost)
  3. CSF
26
Q

Spinal Cord Enlargements (2)

A
  1. Cervical enlargement (C4-T1)
    -Supplies upper extremities
  2. Lumbosacral enlargement (T9-T12)
    -Supplies lower extremities
27
Q

Spinal Cord External Anatomy (3)

A
  1. Conus medullaris
    -Termination of spinal cord (between L1-L2)
  2. Filum terminale
    -Extension of pia mater, attaches spinal cord to coccyx
  3. Cauda equina
    -Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves (“Horses tail”)
    -Nerves that don’t exit at the same level of the cord, descend to form cauda equina
28
Q

Clinical Application: Lumbar Puncture

A

Needle carefully inserted into lumbar cistern passes harmlessly among nerve roots, allowing safe sampling of CSF

Lumbar cistern= enlarged aspect of CSF created from separation of arachnoid and pia mater in area (subarachnoid space)

29
Q

Internal Structure of Spinal Cord (5)

A
  1. White matter
  2. Grey matter
  3. Central canal
  4. Anterior median fissure
  5. Posterior median sulcus
30
Q

White Matter Structure (3)

A

Posterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Anterior funiculus

*more superficial

31
Q

Grey Matter (3)

A

Posterior horn
Lateral horn
Anterior horn

*more deep

ANAT 316 (22 decks)

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