Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMCOL 305 > PEDs and Testing > Flashcards

PEDs and Testing Flashcards

1
Q

What forms of PEDs are we interested in for this class?

A

Anabolic/androgenic steroids and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some basic characteristics of AAS?

A

Major PEDs
Based off testosterone steroid nucleus
Altered to enhance muscle building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is type 1 AAS?

A

Esters
Prolonged half lives
Hydrolyzed to testosterone
Aromatized to estrogens by aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is type 2 AAS?

A

19-nor-testosterone derivatives
Prolonged half lives
Reduced androgenic effects
80% less aromatization than type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is type 3 AAS?

A

17alpha-alkyl derivatives
Greatly reduced liver metabolism
Not converted to estrogen
Increased anabolic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are PEDs administered?

A

Pyramiding
Stacking
Cycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is pyramiding?

A

Increases doses followed by decreasing dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is stacking?

A

Using multiple steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cycling?

A

Alternating periods of use, co-ordinated with training or testing schedules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are PEDs absorbed?

A

Injection intramuscular
Ingestion
Topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are PEDs distributed?

A

Lipophilic
Rapid
To muscle
Widespread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are PEDs metabolized?

A

In the liver
Produces first-pass metabolites
Low bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are PEDs excreted?

A

90% in the kidney
10% in other locations like the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is determined by sex steroids?

A

Fundamental male and female differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are sex steroids produced naturally?

A

In reproductive tissues stimulated by FSH/LH from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is testosterone converted to in the body?

A

DHT by 5alpha-reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is aromatase?

A

The rate-limiting step for estrogen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are natural sex steroid levels like?

A

Cyclical, negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do anabolic steroids bind to?

A

Androgen receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do higher concentrations of AAS do?

A

Cause additional receptor binding e.g. estrogen receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the mechanisms of AAS action?

A

Drug-receptor complexes translocate to nucleus, bind specific DNA sequences
Activates gene transcription mRNA production, makes new protein like for building muscle
Steroids shift stem cells towards muscle cell differentiation, as opposed to adipose cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the mechanisms of AAS reinforcement?

A

Many users report euphoria
This may come from increased beta-endorphin levels which decrease GABA release onto VTA DA-ergic neurons
When steroids modulate GABAa receptors, DA-ergic mesolimbic neurons increase firing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does AAS produce?

A

Massive weight gains which is virtually all muscle

24
Q

What do animals treated with AAS show?

A

Increased number of myonuclei
Increased muscle fibre cross-sectional area

25
Q

What does cellular memory allow for?

A

Rapid muscle building after a period of inactivity

26
Q

What is trenbolone?

A

19-nor derivative of testosterone that has a higher affinity for androgen receptors and is also not a substrate for 5alpha-reductase nor aromatase

27
Q

What is the cellular action of trenbolone?

A

Induces myotrophic effects without unwanted effects
Reverses expression of atrophic genes
Increases expression of anabolic genes

28
Q

How fast does tolerance to anabolic steroids develop?

A

After 1 dose even
The presence of steroids inhibits their own production = negative feedback

29
Q

What are the symptoms of AAS withdrawal?

A

Depression
Mood swings
Fatigue
Headache
Insomnia
Lack of energy
No appetite
Body dissatisfaction

30
Q

What does dependence to anabolic steroids look like?

A

30% become dependent
More likely at higher doses
Mostly psychological due to cycle length, want to avoid negative effects

31
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the skin long term?

A

Male pattern baldness
Acne
Oily skin and scalp

32
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect cognition long term?

A

Severe mood swings, aggression, depression, the chance of dependence

33
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect muscle and fat long term?

A

Increased muscle mass and breakdown of fat
Breast development

34
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the circulatory system long term?

A

Hypertension
Increased red blood cell production
Increased blood clotting
Edema
Elevated cholesterol
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

35
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the liver long term?

A

Liver damage
Increased risk of jaundice, hepatitis, and cancer

36
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the thyroid long term?

A

Decreased thyroid function

37
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the immune system long term?

A

Inhibition of immune system

38
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect the reproductive system long term?

A

Decreased sperm production, testicular atrophy, and impotence

39
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect tendons and bones long term?

A

Weakened tendons
Decreased bone growth during adolescence

40
Q

Where are steroid receptors present?

A

In multiple tissues like the brain and muscles

41
Q

What are risks associated with anabolic steroids?

A

Lack of knowledge of how many and which genes are turned on
Activation of other genes leads to unwanted, dangerous side effects

42
Q

What is roid rage?

A

Increased aggression, anger, rage especially in dependent users
Psychosis and depression also occur more frequently

43
Q

What is the mechanism behind roid rage?

A

GABAa, NMDA, 5HT receptors can bind endogenous neurosteroids

44
Q

What is the anterior hypothalamus?

A

The aggression centre

45
Q

What does activation of D2 in AH result in?

A

Aggression and violence in animal models

46
Q

What do moderate doses of anabolic steroids in adolescence do to DH expression in the AH?

A

It increases D2 expression

47
Q

What do arginine vasopressin and 5HT do to aggression?

A

Arginine vasopressin is excitatory and potentiates aggression
5HT is inhibitory and decreases aggression

48
Q

What does steroid exposure do to arginine vasopressin and 5HT?

A

Enhances vasopressin and reduces 5HT effects

49
Q

What does chronic nandrolone do?

A

Increases aggression in mice
Reduces 5HT receptor mRNA in PFC, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

50
Q

What is anabolic steroid abuse linked to in relation to depression?

A

Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and correlates with depressed behaviors

51
Q

What does BDNF do?

A

Stimulates neuronal growth in the hippocampus
Steroids reduces this

52
Q

What is the issue with designer steroids?

A

Modified by clandestine labs
Undetectable
No one knows the mechanisms and long-term effects

53
Q

How are samples tested for PEDs?

A

Usually urine, tested for known metabolites
Can run HPLC, ELISA, GC-MS

54
Q

What assays are most common for testing?

A

Chemical and immunoassays

55
Q

What does improved technology allow for the detection of?

A

Unique metabolites and lower threshold for detection

56
Q

What is chemical haptenation?

A

A small molecule that binds a macromolecule to produce an immune reaction

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions