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PMCOL 305 > Bath Salts and Flakka > Flashcards

Bath Salts and Flakka Flashcards

1
Q

What do designer drugs resemble?

A

Amphetamine + the methylene ring feature of MDMA

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2
Q

What types of chemicals are designer drugs?

A

Cathinones, -lones, -drones

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3
Q

What are the sources of 3M drugs?

A

Khat plant
Bath salts, resemble Epsom salt crystals

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4
Q

What is the structure of 3M drugs?

A

Beta-ketonated amphetamines

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5
Q

What do ketones do?

A

Reduce lipophilicity, reduces transport across the BBB

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6
Q

What is 4-methylmethcathinone?

A

Mephedrone, the most common

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of the evolution of bath salts?

A

Synthetic and highly modified
Addition of methylenedioxy ring
Addition of pyrrolidine
Extended chains

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8
Q

What does pyrrolidine do?

A

Makes it more lipophilic so that it crosses the BBB easier and tends to be more potent

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9
Q

What is a third-generation flakka?

A

alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophone

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10
Q

What are some examples of 3M bath salts?

A

Mephedrone
MDPV
Methylone

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11
Q

What are the recreational effects of 3Ms?

A

Sympathomimetic effects, high energy
Euphoria
Arousal

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12
Q

What is MDPV at low doses?

A

A stimulant

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13
Q

What does MDPV do at high doses?

A

Induces bizarre behaviours

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14
Q

How do 3Ms cause euphoria?

A

Via elevated NAc DA

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15
Q

What do 3Ms increase in the NAc of rats?

A

DA and 5HT

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16
Q

What do striatal DA elevations cause?

A

Locomotor activity increases

17
Q

What is the activity of 3Ms?

A

Sympathomimetic via DA, NA, 5HT increases

18
Q

What are the common sympathomimetic effects of 3Ms?

A

Agitation, hyperthermia, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac arrest
Hyperthermia leads to rhabdomyolysis which leads to kidney failure

19
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of 3Ms?

A

Hyperthermia, hypertension, cardiac arrest, and serotonin syndrome

20
Q

What are the cellular mechanisms of action of 3Ms without a pyrrolidine ring?

A

Similar to amphetamine
Binds DAT, SERT, NET
Enters terminals via SERT
Interact with TAAR
Leak cytoplasmic neurotransmitter stores, reverse transporter, inhibit VMAT
Mephedrone and methylone stimulate non-exocytotic release of DA, 5HT, NE

21
Q

What are the cellular mechanisms of action of 3Ms with a pyrroline ring?

A

Similar to cocaine
Blocks transporters, does not reverse transporters
MDPV is a potent DAT/NET blocker, weaker SERT activity

22
Q

What does a lower IC50 mean?

A

More potent

23
Q

What does IC50 represent?

A

Represents the concentration of drug required to block 50% of uptake

24
Q

How potent are bath salts compared to cocaine or amphetamines?

A

Just as or more potent

25
Q

What does it mean to say that MDPV has a DAT/SERT of 806?

A

MDPV is 806x more potent at DATs compared to SERTs

26
Q

What does a large carbon tail and pyrrolidine indicate?

A

Highest activity at DAT

27
Q

What are the mechanisms of 3M reinforcement?

A

3M bath salts bind DAT
Mephedrone and methylone enter terminals, displace DA into synapse and reverse the DAT
MDPV does not enter terminals

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of bath salts on behavior at high doses?

A

Violence, homicidal combative behaviour, self-mutilation, excited delirium syndrome
Panic attacks paranoia, suicidal thoughts, confusions, psychosis

29
Q

What are the symptoms related to a surge in levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the periphery?

A

Hyperthermia = involved in several deaths, leads to rhabdomyolysis and kidney failure
Tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain
Panic attacks, paranoia, suicidal thoughts, confusion, psychosis

30
Q

What are the adverse effects of 3Ms?

A

Water intoxication which leads to hyponatremia
Increased cranial pressure causes tonsillar herniation of the cerebellum
pressure on the medulla leads to respiratory depression and cardiac arrest

31
Q

What is water intoxication?

A

5HT causes secretion of ADH, water reabsorption occurs in the kidneys
Polydipsia evoked by hyperthermia as an attempt to cool down
Excessive sweating causes loss of Na+

32
Q

What do Rhesus monkeys show in regard to MDPV and alpha-PVP?

A

They show higher administration for longer with MDPV and alpha-PVP compared to cocaine and meth

33
Q

What do rats display when given free access to MDPV?

A

Escalating drug-taking behaviour

34
Q

What does mephedrone cause in mice and rats?

A

CPP

35
Q

Do bath salts have a high or low abuse potential?

A

A very high abuse potential

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

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