Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMCOL 305 > Methylxanthines and Nootropics > Flashcards

Methylxanthines and Nootropics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top tea drinking nations?

A

Turkey
Ireland
UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the top chocolate consuming nations?

A

Switzerland
Austria
Ireland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the top coffee drinking nations?

A

Finland
Norway
Iceland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are new chemicals identified and characterized by pharmacological activity?

A

Extraction
Purification
Predictions
Characterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What series of experiments should psychoactive chemicals pass?

A

Animal behavior
Physiological measures
Biochemical assays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does caffeine metabolize into?

A

Theophylline, theobromine, paraxanthine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do chlorogenic acids do?

A

Induce (phase 2 transferases) liver enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does dihydrocaffeic acid do?

A

It is anti-inflammatory with vascular benefits as it promotes NO production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are kahweol and cafestol?

A

Diterpenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do kahweol and cafestol do?

A

Increase phase 2 enzymes, induce anti-stress genes, and elevates cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the most common anti-oxidant sources?

A

Coffee and tea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is aminophylline?

A

Anti-asthmatic; treatment of COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is IBMX

A

A bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pentoxifylline used to treat?

A

Vascular disease and is fibrinolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does propentofylline do?

A

It is neuroprotective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the medical indications for caffeine?

A

Respiratory stimulation in premature infants
Asthma = bronchodilator
Migraines = reduces cranial blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the second more commonly prescribed NICU drug?

A

Caffeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance?

A

Caffeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Absorption of caffeine?

A

Ingestion
Absorbed in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How long does it take the effects of caffeine absorption to peak?

A

45 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is caffeine distributed?

A

Amphipathic
Rapid
Widely distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is caffeine metabolized?

A

By liver CYP1A2 via demethylation
Limited or no first-pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does paraxanthine do?

A

Increases blood glycerol/fatty acids via lipolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does theobromine do?

A

Dilates vessels, increases urine volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does theophylline do?

A

Inhibits PDE, increases [cAMP], relaxes smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is caffeine excreted?

A

In the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the cellular drug actions of methylxanthines?

A

Non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist
Non-selective phosphodiesterase antagonist
Also targets Ca release, GABA receptors
ARs and PDE are ubiquitous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which adenosine receptors play primary roles in caffeine effects?

A

A1 and A2a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are A1 and A2a receptors located?

A

Pre and post synaptically

30
Q

How do A1 receptors affect second messenger signaling?

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reduced cAMP

31
Q

How do A2a receptors affect second messenger signaling?

A

Activates adenylyl cyclase increased cAMP

32
Q

How do A1 receptors affect NT release?

A

Inhibition

33
Q

How do A2a receptors affect NT release?

A

Activation

34
Q

What are the effects of caffeine on A1 receptors?

A

Increased NT release

35
Q

What are the effects of caffeine on A2 receptors?

A

Decreased NT release

36
Q

Where are A1 receptors expressed?

A

Throughout including reward, hippocampus

37
Q

Where are A2a receptors expressed?

A

In DA-rich regions and olfactory bulb, mostly on GABAergic neurons

38
Q

What are receptor extensive pairs

A

Form at rest or to form a signaling complex
-A1-D1
-2 A2a + 2D2
-A1 + A2a

39
Q

What are the psychological effects of caffeine?

A

Alertness, arousal, focus
Enhanced mood, confidence, sociability
High doses can cause anxiety

40
Q

What are the cognitive effects of caffeine?

A

Reduced blood flow to brain
Sleep inhibited

41
Q

What are the muscular effects of caffeine?

A

Increased skeletal muscle contraction
Increased endurance

42
Q

What are the cardiovascular effects of caffeine?

A

Low dose = decreased heart rate
High dose = increased heart rate and BP

43
Q

What are the respiratory effects of caffeine?

A

Increased respiratory rate
Dilated bronchi

44
Q

What are the effects of caffeine on fat?

A

Increased fat mobilization, fatty acids, glycerol

45
Q

What are the GI effects of caffeine?

A

Increased HCl secretion in the stomach
Increased metabolic rate

46
Q

What are the renal effects of caffeine?

A

Increased urination

47
Q

What are the reproductive effects of caffeine?

A

Relaxed uterine muscles

48
Q

What are the general effects of caffeine?

A

Simulant
Milder than cocaine and meth

49
Q

What happens to NE, Glu, and DA after caffeine consumption?

A

Increased released

50
Q

What are long-term drinkers of caffeine less likely to experience?

A

Elevated heart rates and BP

51
Q

What can constriction in cranial vessels caused by caffeine treat?

A

Headaches

52
Q

How is caffeine a diuretic?

A

Because it increases kidney blood flow, promotes urination, and prevents water/salt re-absorption by kidneys

53
Q

How does caffeine affect heart rate, blood pressure, and endurance mechanisms?

A

Inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes which metabolize cAMP, producing high cAMP levels
Results in relaxing of smooth muscle (vasodilation) but has a central vasoconstricting effect
Increases intracellular [Ca] by increases activation of Ca channels
Thought to increase work capacity of muscle

54
Q

What is the reinforcing mechanism of caffeine?

A

Good dopamine release in the NAc due to blocking pre-synaptic A1 on DA-ergic VTA to NAc neurons
Pre-synaptic A1 signal via Gi/o
Increases Glu release in the NAc

55
Q

How does caffeine facilitate wakefulness?

A

By disrupting adenosine signaling

56
Q

How does adenosine normally trigger sleep?

A

Extracellular adenosine increases during waking until a point is reached that triggers sleep

57
Q

How does adenosine come about?

A

Through the metabolism of ATP in neurons

58
Q

What does stimulation of A2a receptors by adenosine in the hypothalamus do?

A

Triggers GABA release which inhibits arousal systems

59
Q

How does caffeine affect adenosine binding?

A

Prevents adenosine binding to A2a receptors and interrupts the process which prevents GABA release, prevents arousal systems which leads to wakefulness

60
Q

What is the relationship between coffee intake and Parkinson’s?

A

Strong inverse relationship
Might decrease risk of disease

61
Q

Which polymorphism of CYP1A2 confers fast metabolism of caffeine?

A

*1A
At least 2 copies

62
Q

Which polymorphism of CYP1A2 confers slow metabolism of caffeine?

A

*1F
At least one copy

63
Q

What do slow metabolizers of caffeine show?

A

Increased dose-dependent risk

64
Q

How does caffeine tolerance develop?

A

Fast
Tolerance to cardiovascular, respiratory, sleep effects, but not on the effects on mood

65
Q

What are the symptoms of caffeine withdrawal?

A

Headache, fatigue, decreased energy, irritability, thirst

66
Q

How fast does dependence develop?

A

Very quickly

67
Q

What are the long-term health effects of caffeine?

A

Osteoporosis
Increased risk of panic attacks due to stimulant effects
Anti-depressant due to regulating synaptic neurotransmitter levels

68
Q

What is a nootropic?

A

Cognitive enhancer

69
Q

Does caffeine improve memory?

A

Yes
Acute doses increased BDNF and TrkB activation in the hippocampus
BDNF is linked to LTP
Remember objects better if learning while on caffeine

70
Q

What are the top soft drink consuming countries?

A

Argentina
USA
Chile

71
Q

What is taurine?

A

Found in monster, red bull
Anxiolytic due to glycine receptor activation and increased IPSPs

72
Q

What are examples of other nootropics?

A

L-theanine
Herbs (Ginkgo, ginseng, Bacopa)
Nicotine
Ritalin (benzylpiperidine)
Amphetamines
Benzhydryl sulfinyls (-afinil family)

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions