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PMCOL 305 > Ecstasy > Flashcards

Ecstasy Flashcards

1
Q

What did Kollisch do?

A

Synthesized ecstasy in 1912 at Merck

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2
Q

What did Alexander Shulgin do?

A

Published first testing in 1960 at DOW chemicals

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3
Q

Where is MDMA sourced?

A

Extracted from cured Ocotea pretiosa, Sassafras albidum, or Cinnamomum parthenoxylon root bark
Sassafra essential oil contains 75-85% safrole

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4
Q

What type of drug classification does MDMA have?

A

It is chemically similar to both methamphetamine and mescaline
Both a stimulant and a hallucinogen

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5
Q

Where is MDMA distributed?

A

Brain
Lungs
Liver
Kidney Spleen

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6
Q

What is the onset of MDMA?

A

30-45 minutes

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7
Q

What is the therapeutic index of MDMA?

A

14-16
Relatively safe

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8
Q

How is MDMA absorbed?

A

Ingestion
Insufflation of powder from capsules

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9
Q

What is a typical MDMA dose?

A

75-100 mg

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10
Q

Where is MDMA metabolized?

A

In the liver
80% is degraded by CYP2D6

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11
Q

How is MDMA excreted?

A

By the kidneys
20% is unchanged

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12
Q

What are the acute effects of MDMA?

A

Empathogen - drop emotional guard, increase empathy
Euphoria, emotional empath, energy, enhanced self-esteem
Sympathomimetic

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13
Q

What are the physiological mechanisms of MDMA?

A

5HT1B/2 agonist which caused bruxism (jaw-grinding) and increased locomotion
Reverses 5HT transporter involving TAAR-mediated phosphorylation of transporter
Also blocks NE and DA transporters

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14
Q

What does MDMA have a higher affinity for?

A

5HT transporters as opposed to NE transporters

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15
Q

What does blocking 5HT2B do?

A

Blocks MDMA-induced 5HT release in NAc and VTA

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16
Q

What does MDMA do to dopamine levels?

A

Increases dopamine but it is not very reinforcing

17
Q

What does MDMA do to prolactin and oxytocin levels?

A

Increases their levels
Due to 5HT, involved in bonding, empathy

18
Q

What does MDMA do to cortisol levels?

A

Increases cortisol by 800%
Correlates with feelings of excitement and happiness, increases blood glucose

19
Q

How does MDMA change activation in the brain?

A

Shifts activation toward ventral striatum (thoughtfulness)
Decreases amygdala activity (fear, rage)

20
Q

What do octopi high on MDMA exhibit?

A

Social behaviours even though octopi are asocial animals

21
Q

What are the additional molecular targets of MDMA?

A

Adrenergic receptors which contributes to sympathomimetic effects and hyperthermia
Histamine type 1 receptors which causes ACh release and EPSPs
alpha7 nAChR which is a partial agonist and increases NT release

22
Q

How is tolerance against MDMA developed?

A

Decrease in 5HT (DA and NE too) transporter activity
Transporter expression decreases
Depletion of neurotransmitters

23
Q

What are the symptoms of MDMA withdrawal?

A

Inability to thermoregulate
Can be lethal, more likely to commit suicide after a bender

24
Q

How does dependence on MDMA develop?

A

More psychological than physical
Biased agonism in 5HT2C receptor agonism may underlie low addiction risk

25
Q

What are the dangers of acute MDMA use?

A

Bad trips involve depression, anxiety, hallucinations, paranoia
5HT syndrome

26
Q

What is 5HT syndrome?

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Muscle-rigidity
Hyper-diaphoresis
Delirium
Diarrhea
Rhabdomyolysis

27
Q

What does rhabdomyolysis lead to?

A

Kidney failure, convulsion, and death

28
Q

What happens when you combine MDMA with SSRIs?

A

The effects of MDMA are reduced due to competition for 5HT transporters

29
Q

What happens when you combine MDMA with MAO inhibitors?

A

Can potentiate effects of MDMA due to increased NT

30
Q

What is the relationship between MDMA and D1 receptor antagonists?

A

MDMA increases DA release in preoptic anterior hypothalamus and increases temperature set point

D1 receptors antagonists reduces DA release and also abrogates increases in temperature

31
Q

What is the most common cause of overdose death of MDMA?

A

Hyperthermia
Caused by cumulative effects from 5HT, DA, NE
Hyperactivity, dysregulation of temperature set points

32
Q

What is hyponatremia and how does MDMA cause it?

A

Low Na in blood
Caused by large water intake due to hyperthermia
MDMA triggers anti-diuretic hormone release
Can result in cerebral edema

33
Q

Why does MDMA cause random adverse effects in users?

A

CYP enzyme metabolism differs greatly among individuals
Certain metabolites present in the drug breakdown cause cell death
Some individuals are more or less susceptible to adverse effects and death

34
Q

What does variability in enzyme profiles lead to?

A

Particular toxic metabolite buildup

35
Q

What are the long-term health effects of MDMA?

A

Memory and attention deficits
Induction of apoptosis in hippocampal neurons via caspase-3 pathway in rats

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

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