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PMCOL 305 > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Splits into front and back

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2
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Splits into left and right

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3
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Splits into top and bottom

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4
Q

What is hedonic tone?

A

The trait underlying one’s characteristic ability to feel pleasure

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5
Q

What does the reward circuit control?

A

Hedonic tone

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6
Q

What is the main target of drugs of abuse?

A

The striatolimbic reward circuit

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7
Q

What are the 3 pathways in the reward circuit?

A
  1. Descending myelinated pathway from the anterior bed nuclei to the ventral tegmental area pathway (VTA)
  2. Ascending dopaminergic ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens pathway (NAc)
  3. GABA/substance P/enkephalinergic nucleus accumbens to ventral pallidum pathway
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8
Q

Which pathway in the reward circuit is glutamate driven?

A

1

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9
Q

What do all addictive drugs do to dopamine levels?

A

Increase dopamine levels in the NAc

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10
Q

How was the reward circuit evolved?

A

Evolved to reinforce survival behaviours

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11
Q

What do addictive drugs do to the reward circuit?

A

Hijacks it

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12
Q

Where is the NAc located?

A

In the basal forebrain striatum

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13
Q

What is the NAc responsible for?

A

Pleasure center
Reward/reinforcement of drug-taking - translates emotional stimulus into behaviour

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14
Q

Where does the NAc project to?

A

VTA
PFC
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia

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15
Q

What interface does the NAc control?

A

The interface between limbic and motor systems

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16
Q

Where is the VTA located?

A

In the midbrain

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17
Q

What is the VTA responsible for?

A

Main driver of rewarding feelings
Involved in cognition, motivation, and locomotor activity

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18
Q

Where is the PFC located?

A

In the frontal lobe

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19
Q

What is the PFC responsible for?

A

Self-awareness, personality, executive function

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20
Q

What pathway from the PFC relate to the expression of behaviours trained by chronic drug abuse?

A

PFC -> VTA + amygdala

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21
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

In the para-sagittal plane, caudal amygdala

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22
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Memory formation, processing novel and contextual information

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23
Q

What does the hippocampus contain that is suppressed by drugs of abuse?

A

Neuronal stem cells

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24
Q

What pathway modulates plasticity and learning/memory?

A

VTA -> Hippocampus

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25
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Emotions, learning, memory, reward, attention, arousal, stress

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26
Q

What is the amygdala key for?

A

Emotional reactivity - most disabling symptom in addicts

27
Q

What disrupts amygdala -> PFC connections?

A

Chronic drug abuse

28
Q

What does the basolateral amygdala permit?

A

Emotional regulation, decision making by medial PFC

29
Q

What is the caudate nucleus responsible for?

A

Voluntary movement, learning, memory, sleep, pain, social behaviour

30
Q

Where do drugs accumulate?

A

In the caudate nucleus, drugs bind to receptors here

31
Q

Where is the locus coeruleus located?

A

In the dorsal pons

32
Q

What is the locus coeruleus responsible for?

A

Regulates arousal, cognition, memory, sleep-wake, attention, emotion, stress

33
Q

What is the locus coeruleus particularly important for?

A

Stress responses
LC-NE afferents are modulated by the K opioid receptor activation

34
Q

What part of the brain regulates withdrawal symptoms?

A

The locus coeruleus

35
Q

Where are the raphe nuclei located?

A

In the dorsal medulla oblongata

36
Q

What are the raphe nuclei responsible for?

A

Regulating mood, emotion, aggression, sleep, anxiety, memory, appetite, pain, and temperature

37
Q

What are nuclei and forebrain projections targets for?

A

Alcohol, opioids, MDMA

38
Q

What have RN->PFC projections been implicated in?

A

Neuropsychiatric disorders like OCD, ADHD, and schizophrenia

39
Q

What is drug-taking behaviour initially?

A

Reward-driven

40
Q

What is impulsivity?

A

A collection of multidimensional behaviours
Incorporate state and trait classifications

41
Q

How do we measure impulsivity?

A

Self-reports, behavioural scores, electrophysiology

42
Q

What does deficient frontostriatal “top-down” cognitive control result in?

A

An inability to override thoughts that leads to actions
Unable to prevent dangerous actions from occurring

43
Q

What activity is mainly involved in impulsivity?

A

Dorsalateral prefrontal activity

44
Q

There is a high association between impulsivity and what?

A

The incidence of substance use disorders

45
Q

What is the trait effect of impulsivity?

A

Mostly made up of decreased cognitive and response inhibition

46
Q

What is the state effect?

A

Acute and chronic use of drugs change brain structure and function

47
Q

What is compulsivity?

A

A tendency toward repetitive and habitual actions even when it harms you

48
Q

What are the effects of compulsivity?

A

Decreased voluntary control over urges
Diminished ability to delay or inhibit compulsive behaviours
A tendency to perform repetitive acts in a habitual or stereotyped manner

49
Q

What can repeated administration of addictive drugs lead to?

A

Compulsive drug-seeking behaviour

50
Q

What is at the core of the reward circuit?

A

VTA -> NAc DA-ergic projections

51
Q

What is at the core of anticipation circuits?

A

Front inputs (PFC)

52
Q

What is at the core of reinstatement/relapse circuits?

A

The amygdala

53
Q

What happens when drugs lose their euphoric effects?

A

Users continue taking the drug so they can achieve baseline cognitive function

54
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

An ability to form new connections, change wiring patterns, and establish new pathways in neural re-wiring

55
Q

What does the repeated firing of neurons induce?

A

Long-term changes via molecular signaling and transcriptional changes

56
Q

What potentiates new goal-directed circuits?

A

Striatal dopamine and glutamate

57
Q

How does addiction start?

A

Occasional recreational use then impulsive use then habitual compulsive use

Goes from reward-driven behaviour to goal-driven drug-seeking behaviour

58
Q

What shift in control does addiction correlate with?

A

A ventral striatum-to-dorsal-striatum-mediated shift in control of drug-seeking behaviour

59
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Taking more drug without feeling effects or needing more of the drug to feel the same effect

60
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

Generally unpleasant affective moods and symptoms

61
Q

What is addiction triggered by?

A

Reward circuit activation and neuroplasticity in other regions

62
Q

What is dependence triggered by?

A

Tolerance/Withdrawal

63
Q

Are addiction and dependence the same?

A

No, it is possible to be dependent on a drug (anti-hypertensives, pain meds) without being addicted

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

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