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PMCOL 305 > Genetics, Routes of Administration > Flashcards

Genetics, Routes of Administration Flashcards

1
Q

What do twin studies show about addiction?

A

Monozygotic twins have more similar rates of addiction than heterozygotic twins

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2
Q

What do adoption studies show about addiction?

A

More likely to display birth family than adopted family habits

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3
Q

How do clinical studies need to be conducted?

A

Double-blind
Randomized
Controlled

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4
Q

What is the reward deficiency hypothesis?

A

Self-medicating a chronic deficiency in subjective hedonic tone that is genetic or acquired by using addictive drugs

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5
Q

What are 3 things that may explain the reward deficiency hypothesis?

A
  1. A deficiency of D2 receptors in the reward circuit
  2. An aberration (abnormality) in D3 receptors in the reward circuit
  3. Due to a deficiency in presynaptic DA levels in the NAc
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6
Q

What do addictable mice display?

A

A pathological atrophy of the neuro filamentary transport system for the DA-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in DA-ergic VTA neurons

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7
Q

How do males with robust levels of striatal DA experience methylphenidate?

A

They don’t like it

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8
Q

How do males with deficits in striatal D2 levels experience methylphenidate?

A

They experience pleasure

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9
Q

What are characteristics that predict a higher vulnerability to drug-seeking behaviour in animals?

A

High reactivity to stress
High novelty-induced locomotor activity
High novelty-seeking
High trait impulsivity

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10
Q

What are personal attributes that predict a higher vulnerability to addiction in humans?

A

Sensation and novelty-seeking
Trait impulsivity
Anti-social conduct disorder

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11
Q

What do most addicts in rehab report?

A

Traumatic experiences in their past or a mood-related condition

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12
Q

What are striatal D2 levels like in dominant and submissive monkeys?

A

Dominant = high levels
Submissive = low levels, lower D2 receptors, higher vulnerability to cocaine self-administration

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13
Q

How are rats predisposed to self-administration?

A

Reduced D2/D3 receptor expression in NAc, leads to greater impulsivity

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14
Q

What does high reactivity predict?

A

A tendency to self-administer addictive drugs

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15
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model of addiction?

A

Ties together several aspects of biology, psychology, and social interaction
-drug exposure (naivety)
-DA functionality
-behavioural traits

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16
Q

What is polygenicity?

A

Multiple genes involved in addiction

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17
Q

What are predispositions?

A

A tendency/vulnerability to suffer from a particular condition

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18
Q

What is the link between a gene and addiction?

A

Genes + proteins influence pharmacodynamics which influences physiology which influences behaviours

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19
Q

What are SNPs?

A

Base pair differences within coding and non-coding regions between alleles of genes in the population

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20
Q

What is GWAS?

A

Gene set association, heritability enrichment analysis

21
Q

What is neuronal adhesion?

A

Important for plasticity

22
Q

What are the traits of faster absorption routes?

A

Faster delivery to the brain
Higher peak
Stronger high
Drug doesn’t stay in brain long

23
Q

What are the traits of slower absorption routes?

A

Peak not as high
High not as intense
Prolonged duration in the brain

24
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Amount of administered drug reaching systemic circulation

25
Q

What is the drug onset of inhalation?

A

7-10 seconds

26
Q

What is the duration of an inhalation high?

A

2-4 hours

27
Q

What is the bioavailability of inhalation?

A

5-99%

28
Q

What is the shortest circulatory path to the brain?

A

Inhalation

29
Q

What is the drug onset of injection?

A

10-20 seconds

30
Q

What is the duration of an injection high?

A

2-4 hours

31
Q

What is the bioavailability of injection?

A

100%

32
Q

What is the second shortest circulatory path to the brain?

A

injection
no first-pass metabolism

33
Q

What can happen after repeated injection?

A

Veins collapse

34
Q

What is the drug onset of insufflation?

A

10-45 minutes

35
Q

What is the duration of an insufflation high?

A

5-8 hours

36
Q

What is the bioavailability of insufflation?

A

Up to 80%

37
Q

Does insufflation have first-pass metabolism?

A

No

38
Q

What is the drug onset of ingestion?

A

20-45 minute onset

39
Q

What is the duration of the high of ingestion?

A

6+ hours

40
Q

What is the bioavailability of ingestion?

A

5-99%

41
Q

Does ingestion involve first-pass metabolism?

A

Yes
Stomach pH can alter the chemistry

42
Q

What routes have a greater abuse potential?

A

Ones that have a quicker onset

43
Q

What do dose-response curves describe?

A

Relationships between [drug] and effects

44
Q

What axis will tell you which drug is most effective?

A

The Y axis

45
Q

What axis will tell you which drug is most potent?

A

The X axis

46
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

LD50/ED50

47
Q

What is synergy?

A

Drugs working together to have a greater effect

48
Q

What is antagonism?

A

Drugs interact to decrease the effect

49
Q

What is the half-life of drugs?

A

The time to remove 50% of [drug] from circulation

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

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