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PMCOL 305 > Neurotransmitters and Receptors > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters found in the reward circuit?

A

Dopamine
Glutamate
GABA

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2
Q

What is a catecholamine?

A

Monoamine neurotransmitters made by the adrenal gland

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3
Q

What is dopamine the primary driver of?

A

The reward circuit

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4
Q

Where is dopamine particularly important?

A

The second phase of the reward circuit, VTA -> NAc

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5
Q

What neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine

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6
Q

Where is a major source of NE projections in the brain?

A

From the locus coeruleus

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter plays a big role in stress-induced relapse?

A

Norepinephrine

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8
Q

What is GABA?

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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9
Q

What is GABA central to?

A

To disinhibitory mechanisms of reward

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10
Q

What is glutamate?

A

An amino acid

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11
Q

What does glutamate play a major role in?

A

Cue-triggered relapse
LTP/LTD plasticity

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12
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Monoamine indole

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13
Q

Where is a major source of serotonin found?

A

In the raphe nuclei

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14
Q

There is a link between low serotonin and what?

A

Impulsivity and violence in addicts

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15
Q

How many genes are there in dopamine receptors?

A

5

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16
Q

What do D1-like type DA receptors do?

A

Increases cytoplasmic [cAMP] via adenylyl cyclase
Stimulatory

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17
Q

What do D2-like type DA receptors do?

A

Decreases cytoplasmic [cAMP] via adenylyl cyclase
Inhibitory

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18
Q

What are D1-like type DA receptors responsible for?

A

Cognition

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19
Q

What are D2-like type DA receptors responsible for?

A

Locomotion

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20
Q

What is translational research?

A

Conducting research that translates into benefiting people
e.g. animal testing

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21
Q

What does the effort exerted to self-administer drugs in animals relate to?

A

The degree of reward experienced

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22
Q

What does pairing of an environment with stimulation of VTA DA-ergic projections cause?

A

Immediate place preference that will last for several days

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23
Q

What does it mean if the animal spends time in the drug-paired chamber?

A

They are exhibiting drug-seeking behaviour

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24
Q

What is microdialysis used for?

A

To measure neurotransmitter levels in specific nuclei directly

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25
Q

What does control hedonic tone look like?

A

Tonic DA release
There is a consistent baseline level of dopamine release

26
Q

How do addictive drugs affect hedonic tone?

A

Induce phasic (bursts) of dopamine firing (release) in the NAc

27
Q

Why can dopamine antagonists be used in therapy?

A

They are negative reinforcers that enhance behaviours to reduce administration

28
Q

What does a low point in fluctuating dopamine levels predict?

A

The next self-administered dose

29
Q

What happens when you develop tolerance against a drug?

A

Lowered elevation of hedonic tone during chronic use
Need higher and higher doses just to feel normal

30
Q

What are AMPARs?

A

AMPA receptors for fast, excitatory transmission

31
Q

What are the characteristics of AMPARs?

A

Ionotropic
Form tetramers
C-terminus forms intracellular scaffolds
4 genes

32
Q

What do AMPARs play a major role in?

A

Long-term depression

33
Q

How many genes and protein units are in NMDARs?

A

7 genes (1 GluN1, 4 GluN2, 2 GluN3)
7 protein subunits

34
Q

What are NMDARs activated by?

A

Co-activated by Glu and Ser/Gly

35
Q

What type of receptors are NMDARs?

A

Ionotropic

36
Q

What are NMDARs critical for?

A

For synaptic plasticity (LTP/LTD)

37
Q

What is NMDAR signalling dependent on?

A

Ca2+

38
Q

What is excitotoxicity?

A

Cooking neurons

39
Q

What type of receptors are glutamate receptors?

A

Metabotropic

40
Q

How many genes are in glutamate receptors?

A

8 genes

41
Q

What are glutamate receptors involved in?

A

Synaptic plasticity

42
Q

What do group I Gq-linked receptors do?

A

Increase excitotoxicity risk

43
Q

What do group II/III Gi/o-linked receptors do?

A

Decrease excitotoxicity risk

44
Q

What can increased calcium lead to?

A

Increased risk of excitotoxicity

45
Q

What is LTP?

A

Strengthening of synaptic transmission between two neurons downstream of glutamate receptors

46
Q

What are the 4 things associated with LTP?

A

Specificity
Associativity
Cooperativity
Persistence

47
Q

What is specificity?

A

Sites of LTP are confined to specific contact sites

48
Q

What is associativity?

A

Strong stimulation through one pathway will induce LTP for weak pathways at the same site

49
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

Many weak stimuli can induce LTP; constructive interference

50
Q

What is persistence?

A

Potentiation lasts minutes, weeks, and months; unique to LTP

51
Q

What is LTD?

A

Weakening of synaptic transmission between two neurons

52
Q

What does the phasic firing of VTA DA-ergic neurons generate?

A

A learning signal when an unexpected reward occurs

53
Q

What happens when a reward becomes fully predictable?

A

DA-ergic neurons are no longer triggered and learning ceases

54
Q

What does the learning signal lead to in the context of addictive drugs?

A

Drug adaptive behaviours leading to compulsive drug intake at the expense of all other behaviours

55
Q

What does NE innervation activate?

A

Sympathetic responses which plays a major role in stress-induced drug relapse

56
Q

Are drugs that target serotonin receptors more or less addictive?

A

Less

57
Q

What does ACh activate?

A

Parasympathetic responses which plays a major role in learning and memory circuits

58
Q

What is acute use?

A

One use/month, no lingering effects of use

59
Q

What is chronic use?

A

More than a month of use

60
Q

What happens to tissue over long-term periods of addiction?

A

Can become dysfunctional

PMCOL 305 (18 decks)

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