Peds 1 Flashcards
Which 3 levels of nursing education gives the nurse more responsibility for the care of the patient and their outcomes?
Masters Degree
Certified Nurse Specialist
Nurse Practitioner
Which 2 levels of nursing education give the nurse more research related responsibilities?
Doctor of nursing practice
PhD
Briefly describe the historical influences pediatric healthcare in nursing.
Flood of immigrants leads to crowded/unsanitary conditions.
Contaminated food, no immunizations and child labor.
Infectious diseases like TB, Typhoid, Smallpox and Scarlet fever were prevalent.
What is the leading cause of neonatal deaths?
prematurity
What is the leading cause of death for children aged 1-19?
unintentional injury
who is 3X more likely to fall victim to a medication error?
Children
What is the leading cause of death in children 30 months-1 year?
SIDS
congenital defects
prematurity
What are the 5 leading causes of infant death in the US?
- birth defects
- preterm/low birth weight
- SIDS
- maternal pregnancy complications
- injuries
Which type of infection is most common in childhood?
respiratory
What is the nurse’s role in preventing injury to children?
Educate the parents
Who gives informed consent for children under 18years old?
the parents - unless the child is emancipated
What condition dictates that the parent may NOT refuse consent?
if not giving the treatment can legally be seen as neglect/abuse
Who gives consent in the case of joint custody, divorced parents?
either parent, and only one is needed
Who gives consent int he case of sole custody?
the sole custody parent
What is it called when the parents are away and a grandparent/aunt/uncle has to make the medical decision?
proxy custody
What is assent?
a minor has the right to a weighted opinion, but not the right to give consent.
At what age does assent begin?
11 years
What is it called when a nurse must make decisions that benefit the patient?
beneficence
What word describes reducing the risk of harm by using interventions that promote benefits?
nonmaleficence
What word describes the right to self determination?
autonomy
Who describes the Id, Ego and Super Ego?
Freud
Describe the Id.
present at birth
not logical
impulsive and selfish
Describe the Ego.
Realistic
develops to help the Id
develops defense mechanisms
Describe the Super Ego.
Morals and ethics
What is assimilation?
incorporating new experiences
What is accommodation?
making changes to deal with new experiences
When does separation anxiety peak?
6-18 months
Which age group associates pain with punishment?
toddlers
Which age group is the most at risk for stressors?
toddlers
What are the 3 stages of separation anxiety?
Protest
Despair
Denial (Detachment)
What does the protest phase of separation anxiety look like?
screaming/crying
clinging to parents
resists attempts at comfort from other adults.
What does the despair phase of separation anxiety look like?
quiet and appeared to be settled in
withdrawn and compliant
crying when parents return
What does the denial/detachment phase of separation anxiety look like?
lack of protest when parents leave
happy and content with everyone
shows interest in surroundings
Which age group can’t separate reality from fantasy?
preschoolers
Which age group fears loss of privacy and control?
school aged and adolescents
What play style do infants use?
solitary
What play style do toddlers use?
parallel (near other children but not with)
What play style do preschoolers use?
associative
What play style do school aged children use?
cooperative
developmental screening, immunizations and preventing injuries are examples of what?
health maintenance
good nutrition, physical activity and oral hygiene are all examples of what?
health promotion
At which age do infants use receptive speech more than expressive speech?
9-12 months
At which age can a child identify parents with “mama”
9-12 months
At which age are all parts of speech developed, but also used incorrectly?
3-6 years
Which age group prefers black and white toys and mirrors?
0-3 months
Which age group prefers noisemaking objects to play with?
3-6 months
Which age group prefers teething toys?
6-9 months
At what age do children refine their fine motor skills?
1-3 years
At what age do children prefer to play with large blocks and surprise toys?
9-12 months
When does the posterior fontanel close?
2-4 months
When does the anterior fontanel close?
1-2 years
When do children start to crawl?
8-10 months
When can children support the weight of their head and roll over?
2-4 months
List Freud’s Stages of Development and the age ranges.
Oral: birth-1 Anal: 1-3 Phallic: 3-6 Latent: 6-12 Genital: 12 and older
List Erikson’s Stages of Development and their age ranges.
Trust vs. Mistrust: birth-1 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 1-3 Initiative vs. Guilt: 3-6 Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-12 Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-20 Intimacy vs. Isolation: 20-40 Generativity vs. Stagnation: 40-65 Integrity vs. Despair: 65 and older
What are the nursing implications for Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust phase?
birth-1 year
responsive parents are critical
What are the nursing implications for Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt phase?
1-3 years
give simple explanations directly before the procedure.
the greatest threat to this age group is SEPARATION from. parents
What are the nursing implications for Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt?
3-6 years
they fear bodily mutilation (use bandaids)
allow child to touch equipment
What are the nursing implications for Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority?
6-12 year (school)
they fear loss of control/privacy
What are the nursing implications for Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion?
12-18 (adolescents)
they are concerned with body image
teaching should focus on the here and now
Describe Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development.
Sensorimotor: birth-2
Pre-operational: 2-7
Concrete Operations: 7-11
FormalOperations: 11 and up
Which two characteristics, described by Piaget, are not formed during the pre-operational period?
Object Permanence (sensorimotor) Conservation (concrete)
What is object permanence and when do children develop it?
understanding that something that is out of sight still exists
8-12 months
What is Egocentrism?
seeing things only from one’s point of view
What is Tranductive Reasoning?
connecting two events as a cause and effect relationship
What is Centration?
focusing only on one aspect of a situation
What is animism?
giving lifelike qualities to non-living things
What is Magical thinking?
the belief that ones events occur because of one’s thoughts or actions
What is Conservation?
knowing that matter is not changed when its form is altered
