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ABSN > Epidemiology Midterm > Flashcards

Epidemiology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Community Health Nursing:

A

group over individual
combines nursing science with public health
focuses on POPULATION outcomes
emphasis on primary prevention

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2
Q

Frieden’s Health Impact Pyramid ranked from least population impact to most population impact:

A
  1. counseling/education
  2. clinical interventions
  3. protection interventions
  4. changing the context to make individual default decisions healthy
  5. socioeconomic factors

Note: this backwards increases individual effort needed

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3
Q

3 Types of Community:

A

geographic: a city/town
common interest: church, professionals organization, people with mastectomies
community of solution: a group of people who come together to solve a problem

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4
Q

Levels of Prevention:

A

Primary: education, vaccinations, lifestyle changes
Secondary: health screening/ preventative
Tertiary: treating a disease that’s in progress

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5
Q

Healthy people 2020 goals:

A

attain high-quality, longer lives
attain health equity and get rid of disparities
create environments that promote good health
promote quality of life, healthy. development and healthy. behaviors

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6
Q

Levels of Prevention:

A

Primary: stops illness from happening. ex. education, vaccinations, lifestyle changes
Secondary: treat/detect disease before it becomes symptomatic. ex. health screening/preventative
Tertiary: treating a disease that’s in progress

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7
Q

Public health vs. community health:

A

Public health: focused on general population wellbeing - more preventative
Community health: IDs an issue w/i the community and makes a plan to fix it

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8
Q

Community health nursing roles:

A

CM CLEAR

Collaborator
Manager

Clinician
Leader
Educator 
Advocate 
Researcher
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9
Q

Define epidemiology:

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health events and the application of this study to control the problem

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10
Q

Disease is:

A

Not random

Measurable

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11
Q

incidence vs. prevalence:

A

incidence: all new cases of a disease
prevalence: all people with a condition within a population

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12
Q

causality:

A

the relationship b/w cause and effect

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13
Q

Which are descriptive study designs?

A

Investigations that observe and describe patterns

Group associations
Cross sectional studies
Case reports
Case series

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14
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemics in several parts of the world

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15
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemics in several parts of the world

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16
Q

Define the Epidemiological Triad Model:

A

Host, environment, agent triad

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17
Q

Define the Web of Causation Model:

A

a map of relationships between factors and a health condition
includes direct and indirect cause of disease
helps to determine areas where efforts at control would be most effective

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18
Q

Per diem and cobra

A

DON’T DO IT

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19
Q

The 7 steps for establishing a research process:

A
  1. ID the px
  2. Review the literature
  3. design the study
  4. collect the data
  5. analyze the findings
  6. develop conclusions
  7. disseminate the findings.
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20
Q

Per diem and cobra

A

DON’T DO IT

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21
Q

3 types of epidemiology investigation:

A

descriptive
analytic
experimental

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22
Q

Quality of care

A

US is best

and sucks at everything else

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23
Q

The 7 steps for establishing a research process:

A
  1. ID the px
  2. review the literature
  3. design the study
  4. collect the data
  5. analyze the findings
  6. develop conclusions
  7. disseminate the findings.
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24
Q

Per diem and COBRA

A

DON’T DO IT

IT WON’T BE THE ANSWER

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25
Q

What are 3 recent pandemics:

A

HIV/AIDS
Ebola
H1N1

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26
Q

How does the U.S. healthcare system measure up?

A

US is best at quality of care and sucks at everything else

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27
Q

What are 3 recent pandemics?

A

HIV/AIDS
Ebola
H1N1

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28
Q

Burden of disease =

A

rate of occurrence

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29
Q

Passive immunity vs. Active Immunity:

A

passive: becomes immune through antibodies they did not produce themselves
active: vaccines or having the disease gives immunity

30
Q

What cross immunity?

A

being immune to one thing indirectly gives you immunity to something else

31
Q

What type of studies allow us to determine disease risk?

A

cohort studies

32
Q

How do you determine relative risk ratio? (food poisoning example)

A

Food poisoning in people who ATE the burger
over
Food poisoning in people did NOT EAT the burger

33
Q

What are the 4 stages of the natural history of a disease? Why is this important to note?

A
  1. Susceptibility (not yet exposed to pathogen)
  2. Subclinical (exposed but still asymptomatic)
  3. Clinical (symptomatic)
  4. Resolution (recover or die)

These stages help us to target interventions

34
Q

Incubation period can also be called:

A

latency period

35
Q

What is the limitation of a cross-sectional (prevalence) study?

A

temporality is unknown

36
Q

Cohort studies begin with ______.

A

exposure status

37
Q

Who rules Medicaid?

A

ICC

38
Q

What gave prisoners the right to healthcare?

A

Eighth amendment

39
Q

What is covered under each sector of Medicare?

A

A: hospital and emergency care
B: optional doctor visits
C: A&B with additional coverage (medicare advantage)
D: drugs (downside = donut hole)

40
Q

What is medicare?

A

mandatory federal insurance for adults >65 who have paid social security

41
Q

Medicare v. Medicaid funding, program administration, and beneficiaries.

A

MediCARE:
Funding - social security
Admin. - federal
beneficiaries - elderly/disabled

MediCAID:
funding - taxes
admin - state
beneficiaries - medically indigent (those who need power of attorney)

42
Q

What is the problem with retrospective reimbursement?

A

fee is made in advance, but payment is after service
Problems:
limited accountability for cost
encourages sickness

43
Q

What is the problem with prospective reimbursement?

A

payment is at a fixed rate
Problems:
constraints on spending

44
Q

Ten leading global health risks

A
  1. high cholesterol
  2. obesity
  3. HTN
  4. tobacco
  5. alcohol
  6. unsafe water
  7. iron deficiency
  8. indoor smoke
  9. underweight
  10. unsafe sex
45
Q

What must be listed as a limitation in a study?

A

“self-report”

46
Q

What is epidemiological transition?

A

shifting disease focus from acute to chronic

47
Q

Diabetes is a _____ risk factor.

A

modifiable

48
Q

Rank the most pressing risk factors for health in order of most to least important

A
  1. chronic disease
  2. metabolic risk factors
  3. behavioral risk factors
  4. general momentums
49
Q

What kind of insurance do people in the US under 65 use?

A

private

50
Q

most common cancer death for men. women.

A

men - lung then prostate

women - lung then breast

51
Q

Describe the chain of infection:

A 
1. pathogen
reservoir
means of exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry 
at risk person 
1. pathogen
52
Q

What is exposure in terms of infectious agents?

A

dose

53
Q

What is infectivity in terms of infectious agents?

A

capacity to enter host and multiply

54
Q

What is pathogenicity in terms of infectious agents?

A

capacity to cause disease

55
Q

What is virulence?

A

severity of disease

56
Q

What is toxigenicity?

A

capacity to produce a toxin

57
Q

What is antigenicity?

A

ability to induce antibody response

58
Q

What is resistance?

A

ability of agent to survive environmental conditions

59
Q

What is the difference between vector and vehicle born transmission?

A

both are indirect.

Vehicle-borne: fomites

Vector-borne: non-human living carrier

60
Q

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission?

A

horizontal: person to person
vertical: parent to offspring

61
Q

U.S. communicable disease trends:

A

southeastern states are not reducing their use of antibiotics while the west coast has

62
Q

Largest cause of communicable disease spread:

A

antibiotic resistance

63
Q

Active vs. passive health surveillance

A

Passive: ongoing
Active: outbreaks

64
Q

Which is better, low herd immunity or high herd immunity?

A

High.

65
Q

Who falls under the private sector of the U.S. healthcare system?

A

proprietary services including:
health service providers
non-profit health orgs
professional orgs

66
Q

Who falls under the public sector of the U.S. healthcare system?

A

federal and state government

67
Q

What is the greatest mortality in the US?

A

heart disease

68
Q

Do chronic conditions need to be reported?

A

no

69
Q

Why is chronic disease increasing in the US?

A

people are living longer

70
Q

Which is the most expensive health insurance?

A

PPO b/c they can go to an outside provider

71
Q

What is the difference b/w a co-payment and a deductible?

A

co-payment: pay at the office

deductible: insurance won’t cover until deductible is paid

ABSN (18 decks)

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