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Epidemiology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Community Health Nursing:

A

group over individual
combines nursing science with public health
focuses on POPULATION outcomes
emphasis on primary prevention

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2
Q

Frieden’s Health Impact Pyramid ranked from least population impact to most population impact:

A
  1. counseling/education
  2. clinical interventions
  3. protection interventions
  4. changing the context to make individual default decisions healthy
  5. socioeconomic factors

Note: this backwards increases individual effort needed

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3
Q

3 Types of Community:

A

geographic: a city/town
common interest: church, professionals organization, people with mastectomies
community of solution: a group of people who come together to solve a problem

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4
Q

Levels of Prevention:

A

Primary: education, vaccinations, lifestyle changes
Secondary: health screening/ preventative
Tertiary: treating a disease that’s in progress

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5
Q

Healthy people 2020 goals:

A

attain high-quality, longer lives
attain health equity and get rid of disparities
create environments that promote good health
promote quality of life, healthy. development and healthy. behaviors

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6
Q

Levels of Prevention:

A

Primary: stops illness from happening. ex. education, vaccinations, lifestyle changes
Secondary: treat/detect disease before it becomes symptomatic. ex. health screening/preventative
Tertiary: treating a disease that’s in progress

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7
Q

Public health vs. community health:

A

Public health: focused on general population wellbeing - more preventative
Community health: IDs an issue w/i the community and makes a plan to fix it

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8
Q

Community health nursing roles:

A

CM CLEAR

Collaborator
Manager

Clinician
Leader
Educator 
Advocate 
Researcher
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9
Q

Define epidemiology:

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health events and the application of this study to control the problem

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10
Q

Disease is:

A

Not random

Measurable

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11
Q

incidence vs. prevalence:

A

incidence: all new cases of a disease
prevalence: all people with a condition within a population

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12
Q

causality:

A

the relationship b/w cause and effect

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13
Q

Which are descriptive study designs?

A

Investigations that observe and describe patterns

Group associations
Cross sectional studies
Case reports
Case series

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14
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemics in several parts of the world

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15
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemics in several parts of the world

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16
Q

Define the Epidemiological Triad Model:

A

Host, environment, agent triad

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17
Q

Define the Web of Causation Model:

A

a map of relationships between factors and a health condition
includes direct and indirect cause of disease
helps to determine areas where efforts at control would be most effective

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18
Q

Per diem and cobra

A

DON’T DO IT

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19
Q

The 7 steps for establishing a research process:

A
  1. ID the px
  2. Review the literature
  3. design the study
  4. collect the data
  5. analyze the findings
  6. develop conclusions
  7. disseminate the findings.
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20
Q

Per diem and cobra

A

DON’T DO IT

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21
Q

3 types of epidemiology investigation:

A

descriptive
analytic
experimental

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22
Q

Quality of care

A

US is best

and sucks at everything else

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23
Q

The 7 steps for establishing a research process:

A
  1. ID the px
  2. review the literature
  3. design the study
  4. collect the data
  5. analyze the findings
  6. develop conclusions
  7. disseminate the findings.
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24
Q

Per diem and COBRA

A

DON’T DO IT

IT WON’T BE THE ANSWER

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25
What are 3 recent pandemics:
HIV/AIDS Ebola H1N1
26
How does the U.S. healthcare system measure up?
US is best at quality of care and sucks at everything else
27
What are 3 recent pandemics?
HIV/AIDS Ebola H1N1
28
Burden of disease =
rate of occurrence
29
Passive immunity vs. Active Immunity:
passive: becomes immune through antibodies they did not produce themselves active: vaccines or having the disease gives immunity
30
What cross immunity?
being immune to one thing indirectly gives you immunity to something else
31
What type of studies allow us to determine disease risk?
cohort studies
32
How do you determine relative risk ratio? (food poisoning example)
Food poisoning in people who ATE the burger over Food poisoning in people did NOT EAT the burger
33
What are the 4 stages of the natural history of a disease? Why is this important to note?
1. Susceptibility (not yet exposed to pathogen) 2. Subclinical (exposed but still asymptomatic) 3. Clinical (symptomatic) 4. Resolution (recover or die) These stages help us to target interventions
34
Incubation period can also be called:
latency period
35
What is the limitation of a cross-sectional (prevalence) study?
temporality is unknown
36
Cohort studies begin with ______.
exposure status
37
Who rules Medicaid?
ICC
38
What gave prisoners the right to healthcare?
Eighth amendment
39
What is covered under each sector of Medicare?
A: hospital and emergency care B: optional doctor visits C: A&B with additional coverage (medicare advantage) D: drugs (downside = donut hole)
40
What is medicare?
mandatory federal insurance for adults >65 who have paid social security
41
Medicare v. Medicaid funding, program administration, and beneficiaries.
MediCARE: Funding - social security Admin. - federal beneficiaries - elderly/disabled MediCAID: funding - taxes admin - state beneficiaries - medically indigent (those who need power of attorney)
42
What is the problem with retrospective reimbursement?
fee is made in advance, but payment is after service Problems: limited accountability for cost encourages sickness
43
What is the problem with prospective reimbursement?
payment is at a fixed rate Problems: constraints on spending
44
Ten leading global health risks
1. high cholesterol 2. obesity 3. HTN 4. tobacco 5. alcohol 6. unsafe water 7. iron deficiency 8. indoor smoke 9. underweight 10. unsafe sex
45
What must be listed as a limitation in a study?
"self-report"
46
What is epidemiological transition?
shifting disease focus from acute to chronic
47
Diabetes is a _____ risk factor.
modifiable
48
Rank the most pressing risk factors for health in order of most to least important
1. chronic disease 2. metabolic risk factors 3. behavioral risk factors 4. general momentums
49
What kind of insurance do people in the US under 65 use?
private
50
most common cancer death for men. women.
men - lung then prostate | women - lung then breast
51
Describe the chain of infection:
``` 1. pathogen reservoir means of exit mode of transmission portal of entry at risk person 1. pathogen ```
52
What is exposure in terms of infectious agents?
dose
53
What is infectivity in terms of infectious agents?
capacity to enter host and multiply
54
What is pathogenicity in terms of infectious agents?
capacity to cause disease
55
What is virulence?
severity of disease
56
What is toxigenicity?
capacity to produce a toxin
57
What is antigenicity?
ability to induce antibody response
58
What is resistance?
ability of agent to survive environmental conditions
59
What is the difference between vector and vehicle born transmission?
both are indirect. Vehicle-borne: fomites Vector-borne: non-human living carrier
60
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission?
horizontal: person to person vertical: parent to offspring
61
U.S. communicable disease trends:
southeastern states are not reducing their use of antibiotics while the west coast has
62
Largest cause of communicable disease spread:
antibiotic resistance
63
Active vs. passive health surveillance
Passive: ongoing Active: outbreaks
64
Which is better, low herd immunity or high herd immunity?
High.
65
Who falls under the private sector of the U.S. healthcare system?
proprietary services including: health service providers non-profit health orgs professional orgs
66
Who falls under the public sector of the U.S. healthcare system?
federal and state government
67
What is the greatest mortality in the US?
heart disease
68
Do chronic conditions need to be reported?
no
69
Why is chronic disease increasing in the US?
people are living longer
70
Which is the most expensive health insurance?
PPO b/c they can go to an outside provider
71
What is the difference b/w a co-payment and a deductible?
co-payment: pay at the office | deductible: insurance won't cover until deductible is paid

ABSN (18 decks)

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