EBP Exam II

Question 1

What is a sample size?

Answer 1

the number of participants in a study

Question 2

what is the “power” of a study?

Answer 2

it’s ability to show results

80% = 8/10 people in the study will get the expected result

Question 3

What determines the sample size?

Answer 3

power analysis

Question 4

What are the types of RANDOM sampling?

Answer 4

simple

stratified

Question 5

What are the types of NON-RANDOM sampling?

Answer 5

Convenience
Purposeful
Snowball

Question 6

What is simple sampling?

Answer 6

random

every participant is chosen by chance

Question 7

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 7

random

create subgroups and take a random sample from each subgroup

Question 8

What are the goals of sampling?

Answer 8

unbiased and representative

Question 9

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 9

non-random

sample is easy to reach/find

Question 10

What is purposeful sampling?

Answer 10

non-random

based on selected characteristics

Question 11

What is snowball sampling?

Answer 11

non-random

participants in one study suggest future participants

Question 12

What is random assignment associated with?

Answer 12

INTERNAL validity

Question 13

What IS random assignment?

Answer 13

assigning your sample population to the control or intervention group

Question 14

What does “observation” data encompass?

Answer 14

direct observation of behavior or characteristics

Question 15

What are biophysiological data?

Answer 15

IDEAL data

Question 16

What are the types of biophysiological data?

Answer 16

in-vivo: measuring factor inside a person (BP, HR)
in-vitro: taking stuff out. of a person (blood test, urinalysis)
anthropomorphic: person’s characteristics

Question 17

What are the types of self-report data?

Answer 17

questionnaire and interview

Question 18

Describe a psychometric scale:

Answer 18

assigns number to a measurement (very common)

Question 19

Describe the Linkert Scale:

Answer 19

agree to disagree scale

Question 20

Describe the Visual Analog Scale:

Answer 20

picture responses instead of numbers

Question 21

Reliability = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Validity = \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 21

reliability = consistency 
validity = accuracy/reality

Question 22

a study can be ____ but not _____

Answer 22

reliable but not valid (broken scale)

Question 23

What is described when you get the same results every time a measure is used?

Answer 23

reliability

Question 24

What is described when the measure is appropriate for the question?

Answer 24

validity

Question 25

What are 3 approaches to measuring reliability?

Answer 25

Inter-rater Test-retest Internal consistency

Question 26

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 26

two people using the same measure to get the same results

Question 27

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 27

measuring at different times and getting the same result

Question 28

What is internal consistency reliability?

Answer 28

questions on a scale to assess the same thing (Chonbach's alpha)

Question 29

What are the 3 ways to measure validity?

Answer 29

content (face) validity criterion (predictive) validity construct validity

Question 30

What is content validity?

Answer 30

face validity how comprehensive the items on a scale are in measuring what it's supposed to measure (how good is this scale in measuring depression?)

Question 31

What is criterion validity?

Answer 31

predictive validity the extent to which the results of a measure are related to similar measures (Do both of these depression scales measure depression similarly?)

Question 32

What is construct validity?

Answer 32

how well does a scale measure what it's supposed to measure?

Question 33

What is the difference b/w conceptual and operational definitions of a variable?

Answer 33

conceptual: defines what a variable is operational: defines how to measure a variable

Question 34

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 34

a variable you didn't account for that has an impact on both the IV and the DV

Question 35

What are biophysical measures?

Answer 35

data driven by technology

Question 36

What is allocation concealment used for?

Answer 36

to stop/mitigate against selection bias

Question 37

it is difficult to change ____ data into ___ data.

Answer 37

ordinal into interval

Question 38

can you move down in level of measurement?

Answer 38

yes, but never up | ex. you can move from ordinal to nominal data but never nominal to ordinal

Question 39

Rank the levels of measurement from most to least specific.

Answer 39

Ratio Interval Ordinal Nominal

Question 40

What is an example of ratio data?

Answer 40

age or height | they start at zero

Question 41

What is an example of interval data?

Answer 41

time of day, IQ

Question 42

What is an example of ordinal data?

Answer 42

pain (good/neutral/bad) | height (short/average/tall)

Question 43

What is an example of nominal data?

Answer 43

state of Florida | gender

Question 44

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics

Answer 44

``` Descriptive = one variable is described at a time Inferential = looks at the magnitude of a relationship between two variables ```

Question 45

Define relationship vs. difference

Answer 45

relationship: has a direction (+ or -) and a strength ("r" variable) difference: looking at the difference b/w two groups in regards to their "means" or "risk"

Question 46

What p value supports that the relationship (difference) is statistically significant?

Answer 46

p < 0.05

Question 47

what does p > 0.05 mean?

Answer 47

there is a true relationship between variables

Question 48

What are factors of normal distribution?

Answer 48

symmetric unimodal mean=mode

Question 49

What is correlation?

Answer 49

the strength of the relationship

Question 50

effect size determines:

Answer 50

clinical significance

Question 51

p value determines:

Answer 51

statistical significance

Question 52

Why is effect size important?

Answer 52

it measures the magnitude of difference between groups

Question 53

How can we present effect sizes?

Answer 53

Cohen's D Odds Ratio R2

Question 54

Which odds ratio is meaningful?

Answer 54

O=2

Question 55

What is R2?

Answer 55

percent of shared variation.

Question 56

What is odds ratio?

Answer 56

difference in proportions

Question 57

What is Cohen's D?

Answer 57

difference in means

Question 58

Effect size is NOT based on _______

Answer 58

sample size

Question 59

What does a forest plot present?

Answer 59

all effect size variables

Question 60

What is variance?

Answer 60

average distance of all scores from the mean score

Question 61

What is standard deviation?

Answer 61

the square root of the variance

Question 62

What are standardized scores?

Answer 62

scores transformed to be on a common scale

Question 63

What does a horizontal line mean on a forest plot?

Answer 63

there is NO difference/relationship

Question 64

Effect size allows for ____________

Answer 64

comparisons across different studies

Question 65

Variables are measured in which two ways...

Answer 65

Concrete: temperature, weight Abstract: Creativity, empathy

Question 66

What are the 3 types of variables? And what they do?

Answer 66

Descriptive: Confound; Control (adjust or take away effect) Independent: Cause or Predictor Dependent: Effect or Outcome

Question 67

Statistics are used to assess what?

Answer 67

Relationships