Patho Final Flashcards
Synarthrosis
joint that doesn’t move (skull sutures)
Amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable joint (pubic symphysis)
Diarthrosis
freely moveable joint (knee, elbow, etc.)
Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia
Trophy - increased mm fiber SIZE
Plasia - increased NUMBER of mm fibers
Does a subluxation count as a dislocation?
Yes
What is the hallmark sign of joint dislocation?
“popping” noise followed by pain and swelling
Complete fracture:
all the way through
Incomplete fracture:
“greenstick” fracture
bone bends but doesn’t break, just like green wood
Open fracture:
breaks the skin
Comminuted fracture:
breaks into a “community”; many pieces
requires surgery
Impacted fracture:
FOOSH fracture
looks disgusting
Osteoporosis is when bones become:
less dense and more porous
Do more men or women have osteoporosis?
women
What are the 3 primary sources of bacteria that cause osteomyelitis?
total joint replacements
bites
trauma
What are the 2 main bacteria in osteomyelitis?
Staph aureus
Group B streptococci
What is involucrum?
new bone formation around the necrotic bone
Verrucae (warts) are:
benign neoplasms (NOT cancer)
Herpes zoster
shingles
Varicella
chickenpox
begins with itching, then macules, then vesicles, then pop, then scab up
Acne is a disorder of which glands?
sebaceous
Type I allergies are mediated by:
IgE
What is Steven’s Johnson Syndrome?
skin detaches from the body surface
internal OR external
Psoriasis is caused by:
activated T cells due to sun exposure
lead to papules and inflammatory response
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
S&S of malignant melanoma
A symmetry B order irregularity C olor variation D iameter >6mm E volving over time
Which type of skin cancer has the worst prognosis?
malignant melanoma
What is actinic damage?
sun damage
leads to keratoses and lentigines (liver spots)
Are liver spots cancer-related?
Not at all
What are two ways to classify burns?
Rule of nines
Lund and Browder
What is it called when the bladder herniates into the vagina?
Cystocele
What is it called when the rectum herniates into the vagina?
Rectocele
S&S of PID
pain and purulent discharge
Increased WBC
Increased C-reactive protein
What is the medical term for undescended testes?
cryptorchidism
Assessment for HYPERkalemia
v-fib
paresthesia
muscle weakness
Assessment for HYPERnatremia
thirst
altered mental status
HYPOtension
rapid/thready pulse
Assessment for HYPOnatremia
muscle cramps
altered mental status
N/V
headache
Assessment for HYPOcalcemia
Tetany \+ Trousseau's \+ Chvostek's HYPOtension impaired clotting prolonged ST segment
What is cystic fibrosis?
an autosomal recessive mutation that causes chronic respiratory infections
Assessment for Tay Sachs?
cherry red spot on the retina
leads to blindness, mental retardation and death by age 2-5
Pathology of MS
autoimmune disease that demyelinates the CNS nerves
Pathology of Parkinson’s
decreased production of dopamine leads. to degeneration of the basil ganglia and too much acetylcholine
Assessment for Autonomic hyperreflexia
HUGE BP bradycardia pounding headache blurred vision sweating
Assessment for bacterial meningitis
photophobia
severe headache
+ Kernig’s
+ Brudzinski
Assessment for DKA
HYPOtensive
metabolic acidosis
ketones in urine
kussmaul breathing
Assessment for SIADH
decreased urine production
urine HYPERnatremia
serum HYPOnatremia
altered mental status
Assessment for Graves
fibrin deposits behind eyes cause exophthalmus
vision problems
warm skin
weight loss
Assessment for Cushing’s
HYPERnatremia HYPERglycemia HYPERtension HYPOkalemia moon face buffalo hump
Graves disease is caused by;
Excess T3 and T4
Less TSH
SIADH is caused by
excess ADH secretion
kidney’s HOLD ONTO water
Addison’s is caused by
Lack of cortisol and aldosterone
Cushing’s is caused by
over secretion of cortisol
DI is caused by
not enough ADH
kidney’s GET RID of water
Etiology of pneumothorax
air in the pleural space causes a collapsed lung
Assessment of pneumothorax
mediastinum moves toward unaffected lung
Etiology of emphysema
permanent enlargement of alveoli
“pink puffers”
Assessment of emphysema
barrel chest
increased respiration effort
decreased breath sounds
Etiology of bronchitis
acute inflammation following a viral infection
“blue bloaters”
Assessment of bronchitis
ALL THE SECRETIONS
can not increase respiration
Etiology of asthma
autoimmune process in response to an allergen
Assessment of asthma
early; agitation
late; wheezing/SOB
Etiology of TB
airborne droplets containing mycobacterium tuberculoses are inhaled
Assessment of TB
night sweats
fever
What labs should be run to assess an MI?
Troponin levels
at least 8 hours after onset of symptoms
at least 2 readings
MI leads to
ischemia and scar tissue
Risk factors for a DVT:
Virchow’s triad: “HE’S giving me a DVT”
Hyper-coagulability
Endothelial injury
Stasis of venous blood flow
Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
an ulcer caused by H. pylori
or
excessive use of NSAIDs/Warfarin
Difference in assessment for a duodenal vs gastric ulcer;
DU - pain AFTER eating
25-75 years
melena
GU - pain WITH eating
55-65 years
hematemesis
What is the difference between cholelithiasis and cholecystitis?
cholelithiasis - presence of gallstones
cholecystitis - gallstone moves to hepatic duct and becomes inflamed
Hallmark sign of cholecystitis
RUQ pain and biliary colic
Large volume diarrhea is usually caused by ______.
Small volume diarrhea is. usually caused by _____.
Large - bacterial/viral infection
Small - UC and Chrone’s
Transmission of Hepatitis
A &E - oral/fecal
B&D - BoDy fluids.
C - blood (NOT sex)
Assessment of a hiatal hernia
GERD symptoms
caused by the stomach protruding through the diaphragm
Assessment of ulcerative colitis
10-20 stools/day
does NOT involve small bowl so NO steatorrhea
What are the 3 signs that both types of shock share?
Increased HR
Increased RR
Decreased BP
Hypovolemic shock presents with
decreased urine output
cool, clammy skin
Cardiogenic shock presents with
decreased cardiac output
cyanosis
altered mental status
Which anemia is microcytic?
iron deficiency
Which anemia is macrocytic?
B12, folic acid (B6), sickle cell
Pathology of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia
50% decrease in platelet count after heparin administration
Pathology of scleroderma
connective tissue becomes sclerotic/hardened
Assessment for Lupus
butterfly rash on face
fever
joint pain
brought on after a day on the boat
HIV is transmitted through
semen, breast milk and blood to blood contact
HIV attacks what cells?
CD4 proteins
Prostate metastasis is most commonly to:
bones or lymph nodes
Most common cancer in women?
breast
Most common cancer DEATH in women?
lung
Most common cancer in men?
prostate
Most common cancer DEATH in men?
lung
Breast cancer risk factors
early period (before 12) late menopause (after 50) nullipara high fat diet alcohol/tobacco obesity late first pregnancy (after 35)
RAAS cascade is triggered by:
low BP/ low fluid volume
Describe RAAS
- low BP/fluid volume triggers kidneys to release renin
- renin travels to liver
- renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I
- angiotensin I travels to the lungs to be converted by ACE to angiotensin II
- angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that will increase BP
normal urine output for adults
about 60mL/hr
What does nephrotic syndrome present with?
massive proteinuria
lipiduria
decreased vitamin D (because vitamin D binds with protein)
basically an autoimmune attack on the kidneys force them to get rid of protein and fats fast
Will lower tract UTI’s present with fever?
no
Which causes more proteinuria, glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic syndrome
What is pyelonephritis?
infected kidneys
What do renal calculi present with?
dull, wavelike pain radiating to the flank
blood in the urine
decreased urine output
Risk factors for renal calculi
being a man between 20-40 living in the sunbelt
excessive vitamin D and calcium intake
not enough vitamin A and exercise
What is the treatment for renal calculi ?
lirhoreipsy
shock waves that shatter stones into fragments
must give pain meds
What is the most common cause of kidney failure?
not enough volume going into the kidneys
What causes intra-renal failure?
acute tubular necrosis caused by ischemia, shock or antibiotics
Renal failure labs
Elevated urea nitrogen Elevated creatinine Elevated BUN HYPERtension HYPERphosphatemia HYPERkalemia Decreased urine Decreased RBC Decreased erythropoietin HYPOnatremia HYPOcalcemia Anemia Azotemia Metabolic acidosis
