Patho Final Flashcards
1
Q
Synarthrosis
A
joint that doesn’t move (skull sutures)
2
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
slightly moveable joint (pubic symphysis)
3
Q
Diarthrosis
A
freely moveable joint (knee, elbow, etc.)
4
Q
Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia
A
Trophy - increased mm fiber SIZE
Plasia - increased NUMBER of mm fibers
5
Q
Does a subluxation count as a dislocation?
A
Yes
6
Q
What is the hallmark sign of joint dislocation?
A
“popping” noise followed by pain and swelling
7
Q
Complete fracture:
A
all the way through
8
Q
Incomplete fracture:
A
“greenstick” fracture
bone bends but doesn’t break, just like green wood
9
Q
Open fracture:
A
breaks the skin
10
Q
Comminuted fracture:
A
breaks into a “community”; many pieces
requires surgery
11
Q
Impacted fracture:
A
FOOSH fracture
looks disgusting
12
Q
Osteoporosis is when bones become:
A
less dense and more porous
13
Q
Do more men or women have osteoporosis?
A
women
14
Q
What are the 3 primary sources of bacteria that cause osteomyelitis?
A
total joint replacements
bites
trauma
15
Q
What are the 2 main bacteria in osteomyelitis?
A
Staph aureus
Group B streptococci
16
Q
What is involucrum?
A
new bone formation around the necrotic bone
17
Q
Verrucae (warts) are:
A
benign neoplasms (NOT cancer)
18
Q
Herpes zoster
A
shingles
19
Q
Varicella
A
chickenpox
begins with itching, then macules, then vesicles, then pop, then scab up
20
Q
Acne is a disorder of which glands?
A
sebaceous
21
Q
Type I allergies are mediated by:
A
IgE
22
Q
What is Steven’s Johnson Syndrome?
A
skin detaches from the body surface
internal OR external
23
Q
Psoriasis is caused by:
A
activated T cells due to sun exposure
lead to papules and inflammatory response
24
Q
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
A
basal cell carcinoma
25
S&S of malignant melanoma
```
A symmetry
B order irregularity
C olor variation
D iameter >6mm
E volving over time
```
26
Which type of skin cancer has the worst prognosis?
malignant melanoma
27
What is actinic damage?
sun damage
| leads to keratoses and lentigines (liver spots)
28
Are liver spots cancer-related?
Not at all
29
What are two ways to classify burns?
Rule of nines
| Lund and Browder
30
What is it called when the bladder herniates into the vagina?
Cystocele
31
What is it called when the rectum herniates into the vagina?
Rectocele
32
S&S of PID
pain and purulent discharge
Increased WBC
Increased C-reactive protein
33
What is the medical term for undescended testes?
cryptorchidism
34
Assessment for HYPERkalemia
v-fib
paresthesia
muscle weakness
35
Assessment for HYPERnatremia
thirst
altered mental status
HYPOtension
rapid/thready pulse
36
Assessment for HYPOnatremia
muscle cramps
altered mental status
N/V
headache
37
Assessment for HYPOcalcemia
```
Tetany
+ Trousseau's
+ Chvostek's
HYPOtension
impaired clotting
prolonged ST segment
```
38
What is cystic fibrosis?
an autosomal recessive mutation that causes chronic respiratory infections
39
Assessment for Tay Sachs?
cherry red spot on the retina
leads to blindness, mental retardation and death by age 2-5
40
Pathology of MS
autoimmune disease that demyelinates the CNS nerves
41
Pathology of Parkinson's
decreased production of dopamine leads. to degeneration of the basil ganglia and too much acetylcholine
42
Assessment for Autonomic hyperreflexia
```
HUGE BP
bradycardia
pounding headache
blurred vision
sweating
```
43
Assessment for bacterial meningitis
photophobia
severe headache
+ Kernig's
+ Brudzinski
44
Assessment for DKA
HYPOtensive
metabolic acidosis
ketones in urine
kussmaul breathing
45
Assessment for SIADH
decreased urine production
urine HYPERnatremia
serum HYPOnatremia
altered mental status
46
Assessment for Graves
fibrin deposits behind eyes cause exophthalmus
vision problems
warm skin
weight loss
47
Assessment for Cushing's
```
HYPERnatremia
HYPERglycemia
HYPERtension
HYPOkalemia
moon face
buffalo hump
```
48
Graves disease is caused by;
Excess T3 and T4
| Less TSH
49
SIADH is caused by
excess ADH secretion
| kidney's HOLD ONTO water
50
Addison's is caused by
Lack of cortisol and aldosterone
51
Cushing's is caused by
over secretion of cortisol
52
DI is caused by
not enough ADH
| kidney's GET RID of water
53
Etiology of pneumothorax
air in the pleural space causes a collapsed lung
54
Assessment of pneumothorax
mediastinum moves toward unaffected lung
55
Etiology of emphysema
permanent enlargement of alveoli
| "pink puffers"
56
Assessment of emphysema
barrel chest
increased respiration effort
decreased breath sounds
57
Etiology of bronchitis
acute inflammation following a viral infection
| "blue bloaters"
58
Assessment of bronchitis
ALL THE SECRETIONS
| can not increase respiration
59
Etiology of asthma
autoimmune process in response to an allergen
60
Assessment of asthma
early; agitation
| late; wheezing/SOB
61
Etiology of TB
airborne droplets containing mycobacterium tuberculoses are inhaled
62
Assessment of TB
night sweats
| fever
63
What labs should be run to assess an MI?
Troponin levels
at least 8 hours after onset of symptoms
at least 2 readings
64
MI leads to
ischemia and scar tissue
65
Risk factors for a DVT:
Virchow's triad: "HE'S giving me a DVT"
Hyper-coagulability
Endothelial injury
Stasis of venous blood flow
66
Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
an ulcer caused by H. pylori
or
excessive use of NSAIDs/Warfarin
67
Difference in assessment for a duodenal vs gastric ulcer;
DU - pain AFTER eating
25-75 years
melena
GU - pain WITH eating
55-65 years
hematemesis
68
What is the difference between cholelithiasis and cholecystitis?
cholelithiasis - presence of gallstones
cholecystitis - gallstone moves to hepatic duct and becomes inflamed
69
Hallmark sign of cholecystitis
RUQ pain and biliary colic
70
Large volume diarrhea is usually caused by ______.
| Small volume diarrhea is. usually caused by _____.
Large - bacterial/viral infection
Small - UC and Chrone's
71
Transmission of Hepatitis
A &E - oral/fecal
B&D - BoDy fluids.
C - blood (NOT sex)
72
Assessment of a hiatal hernia
GERD symptoms
| caused by the stomach protruding through the diaphragm
73
Assessment of ulcerative colitis
10-20 stools/day
| does NOT involve small bowl so NO steatorrhea
74
What are the 3 signs that both types of shock share?
Increased HR
Increased RR
Decreased BP
75
Hypovolemic shock presents with
decreased urine output
| cool, clammy skin
76
Cardiogenic shock presents with
decreased cardiac output
cyanosis
altered mental status
77
Which anemia is microcytic?
iron deficiency
78
Which anemia is macrocytic?
B12, folic acid (B6), sickle cell
79
Pathology of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia
50% decrease in platelet count after heparin administration
80
Pathology of scleroderma
connective tissue becomes sclerotic/hardened
81
Assessment for Lupus
butterfly rash on face
fever
joint pain
brought on after a day on the boat
82
HIV is transmitted through
semen, breast milk and blood to blood contact
83
HIV attacks what cells?
CD4 proteins
84
Prostate metastasis is most commonly to:
bones or lymph nodes
85
Most common cancer in women?
breast
86
Most common cancer DEATH in women?
lung
87
Most common cancer in men?
prostate
88
Most common cancer DEATH in men?
lung
89
Breast cancer risk factors
```
early period (before 12)
late menopause (after 50)
nullipara
high fat diet
alcohol/tobacco
obesity
late first pregnancy (after 35)
```
90
RAAS cascade is triggered by:
low BP/ low fluid volume
91
Describe RAAS
1. low BP/fluid volume triggers kidneys to release renin
2. renin travels to liver
3. renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I
4. angiotensin I travels to the lungs to be converted by ACE to angiotensin II
5. angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that will increase BP
92
normal urine output for adults
about 60mL/hr
93
What does nephrotic syndrome present with?
massive proteinuria
lipiduria
decreased vitamin D (because vitamin D binds with protein)
basically an autoimmune attack on the kidneys force them to get rid of protein and fats fast
94
Will lower tract UTI's present with fever?
no
95
Which causes more proteinuria, glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic syndrome
96
What is pyelonephritis?
infected kidneys
97
What do renal calculi present with?
dull, wavelike pain radiating to the flank
blood in the urine
decreased urine output
98
Risk factors for renal calculi
being a man between 20-40 living in the sunbelt
excessive vitamin D and calcium intake
not enough vitamin A and exercise
99
What is the treatment for renal calculi ?
lirhoreipsy
shock waves that shatter stones into fragments
must give pain meds
100
What is the most common cause of kidney failure?
not enough volume going into the kidneys
101
What causes intra-renal failure?
acute tubular necrosis caused by ischemia, shock or antibiotics
102
Renal failure labs
```
Elevated urea nitrogen
Elevated creatinine
Elevated BUN
HYPERtension
HYPERphosphatemia
HYPERkalemia
Decreased urine
Decreased RBC
Decreased erythropoietin
HYPOnatremia
HYPOcalcemia
Anemia
Azotemia
Metabolic acidosis
```
