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EBP Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 designs of QUANTitative studies?

A

Quasi-experimental
Descriptive
Experimental
Correlational

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2
Q

What are the 4 designs of QUALitative studies?

A

Phenomenological
Historical research
Ethnographic
Grounded theory

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3
Q

Empirical evidence is evidence NOT from:

A

deduction or expectation

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4
Q

What is the goal of QUANTitative studies? QUALitative?

A

QUANT: understanding a reality that exists
QUAL: understanding peoples’ PERCEPTION of reality

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5
Q

Evidence for QUANTitative studies comes from:

A

numbers

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6
Q

What is the “blueprint” of a research study?

A

it’s design

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7
Q

What is the point to having a study DESIGN:

A

maximize validity

minimize cost

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8
Q

Which kinds of studies have higher levels of evidence; prospective or retrospective?

A

Prospective have higher levels of evidence

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9
Q

What is a descriptive study design?

A

QUANTitative
does NOT manipulate variables
“finds the level, prevalence and incidence of something”

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10
Q

What is a correlational study design?

A

QUANTitative
does NOT manipulate variables
has AT LEAST 2 VARIABLES
“finds links b/w variables”

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11
Q

What is a predictive study design?

A

QUANTitative
examines changes over time
retrospective and predictive

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12
Q

What is an experimental study design?

A

QUANTitative
DOES manipulate variables
involves randomization
MUST be prospective

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13
Q

Experimental studies MUST be ________.

A

prospective

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14
Q

Quasi-experimental studies either lack:

A

randomization or a control group

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15
Q

What is a non-equivalent control group?

A

a quasi-experimental problem

researchers can not randomly assign subjects to groups

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16
Q

What is a time series design?

A

a quasi-experimental study that measures one group OVER TIME with multiple measures

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17
Q

What are the 5 criteria of an RCT?

A
  1. inclusion/exclusion criteria
  2. randomization
  3. PROTOCOL based interventions
  4. blinding
  5. explicit reporting (CONSORT)
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18
Q

What is study validity?

A

the ability to accept the results of a study as logical, reasonable and justifiable

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19
Q

internal validity is associated with

A

random ASSIGNMENT

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20
Q

external validity is associated with

A

random SAMPLE

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21
Q

What is internal validity?

A

did the independent variable produce a change in the dependent variable

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22
Q

What is external validity?

A

can the sample be generalized to the population

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23
Q

What are the 8 threats to INTERNAL validity?

A

HITT MMRS

  1. History - variable influenced by time
  2. Instrumentation - variables are measured using different instruments
  3. Testing - subjects remember and respond differently on the post test
  4. Temporal ambiguity - IV may not precede DV
  5. Maturation - subjects mature and therefore change
  6. Mortality - subjects die
  7. Reactivity - observation influences DV (Hawthorne effect)
  8. Selection Bias - change in DV r/t difference in participants NOT intervention
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24
Q

What are the 3 threats to external validity?

A
  1. lack of construct validity - measure does not accurately assess concept
  2. effects of selection - participants do NOT represent the population
  3. non-random sample
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25
Q

Nurses in clinical practice need to consider _________.

A

The DESIGN of the study to determine it’s VALUE for EBP

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26
Q

QUANT research understand reality by

A

isolating and measuring its components and formulates a hypothesis to test

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27
Q

QUAL research understands reality by

A

examining it in a holistic way and extracts meaning from data

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28
Q

QUANTitative research is based on (4)

A
  1. realism
  2. numbers
  3. deductive thinking
  4. positivistic focus
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29
Q

QUALitative research is based on (4)

A
  1. idealism
  2. patterns
  3. inductive thinking
  4. interpretivism focus
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30
Q

QUANTitative data is

A

objective

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31
Q

QUALitative data is

A

subjective and NOT biophysiological (in vivo/in vitro)

32
Q

For QUALitative researchers, reality is

A

derived, not measured

33
Q

Rate the QUALitative research designs from strongest to weakest:

A
  1. grounded theory
  2. ethnography
  3. phenomenology
  4. history
  5. case study
34
Q

Which QUALitative study design tries to understand a particular social construct?

A

grounded theory

35
Q

Which QUALitative study design studies cultures?

A

ethnography

36
Q

Which QUALitative study design has a sample size of 20-30 people?

A

grounded theory

37
Q

Which QUALitative study design tries to understand dhow humans deduce and interpret things?

A

phenomenology

38
Q

Which QUALitative study design looks at artifacts or oral histories?

39
Q

Which QUALitative study design has a sample size of ~10 people?

A

phenomenology

40
Q

Which QUALitative study design tries to develop a new theory?

A

grounded theory

41
Q

Which QUALitative study design is grounded in data on a specific topic?

A

substantive grounded theory

42
Q

Which QUALitative study design is based on substantive grounded theory?

A

grounded formal theory

43
Q

Which QUALitative study design involves lots of field work where clinicians will physically immerse themselves in a reality?

A

ethnography

44
Q

Which QUALitative study design has a sample size of 25-50 people?

A

ethnography

45
Q

Which QUALitative study design describes MEANING of the human experience?

A

descriptive phenomenology

46
Q

Which QUALitative study design interprets and makes sense of the human experience?

A

interpretive phenomenology

47
Q

Which QUALitative study design follows the pathology of a condition over 15 years or so?

48
Q

Which QUALitative study design extracts meaning from observation, but is focused on individual NOT population?

A

case studies

49
Q

Are the findings of a case study generalizable?

A

NO - just instructive

50
Q

WTF is data saturation?

A

data becomes REDUNDANT b/c there is no new information

51
Q

What is the major difference b/w a structured vs unstructured interview?

A

structured interview has SPECIFIC objectives and follows a PROTOCOL

unstructured interview has a BASIC goal with NO protocol

52
Q

What should you avoid when guiding a discussion for a focus group?

A

avoid contaminating discussion with your own bias

53
Q

Why is data analysis important?

A

it VALIDATES the accuracy/dependability of the information

54
Q

What is the QUALitative term for internal validity?

A

credibility

55
Q

What is the QUALitative term for external validity?

A

transferability

56
Q

What is the QUALitative term for reliability?

A

dependability

57
Q

What gives the strongest evidence for credibility, dependability and transferability (IV, EV, reliability)?

A

triangulation

58
Q

Triangulation can be used in

A

qualitative AND quantitative studies

59
Q

How many sources should you have for triangulation during a thematic analysis?

A

at least 3

60
Q

What is corroboration?

A

when multiple informants hold similar perceptions AND/OR the same informant responds consistently to related questions

61
Q

What does corroboration confirm?

A

CONSISTENCY of perception NOT accuracy of perception

62
Q

Causal inference requires 3 criteria to establish causation:

A
  1. statistical relationship
  2. temporal precedence
  3. R/O other causes
63
Q

Why is using causal inference controversial when used in QUALitative studies?

A

it is incompatible with idealism

it is the only way to understand complex interactions in context

64
Q

Articles that cite both qualitative and quantitative studies have ______.

A

similar structure

65
Q

What is the purpose of a peer review?

A

ensuring quality work

66
Q

What is IMRaD?

A 
abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
and 
Discussion
67
Q

Who uses IMRaD?

A

both QUAL and QUANT

68
Q

Where would you list a study’s limitations/strengths?

A

discussion

69
Q

Where would you list a study’s brief overview?

70
Q

Where would you list a study’s research questions?

A

introduction

71
Q

Where would you list a study’s analysis plan and procedure?

72
Q

Where would you list a study’s tables/figures?

73
Q

Where would you list a study’s future research/policy need?

A

discussion

74
Q

What would be listed in a QUANTitative results section?

A

p value and statistical tests

75
Q

What would be listed in a QUALitative results section?

A

themes and meanings

76
Q

What is the reading order of a research paper?

A

ARMID

  1. abstract
  2. results
  3. methods
  4. intro
  5. discussion

ABSN (18 decks)

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