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EBP Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 designs of QUANTitative studies?

A

Quasi-experimental
Descriptive
Experimental
Correlational

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2
Q

What are the 4 designs of QUALitative studies?

A

Phenomenological
Historical research
Ethnographic
Grounded theory

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3
Q

Empirical evidence is evidence NOT from:

A

deduction or expectation

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4
Q

What is the goal of QUANTitative studies? QUALitative?

A

QUANT: understanding a reality that exists
QUAL: understanding peoples’ PERCEPTION of reality

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5
Q

Evidence for QUANTitative studies comes from:

A

numbers

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6
Q

What is the “blueprint” of a research study?

A

it’s design

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7
Q

What is the point to having a study DESIGN:

A

maximize validity

minimize cost

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8
Q

Which kinds of studies have higher levels of evidence; prospective or retrospective?

A

Prospective have higher levels of evidence

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9
Q

What is a descriptive study design?

A

QUANTitative
does NOT manipulate variables
“finds the level, prevalence and incidence of something”

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10
Q

What is a correlational study design?

A

QUANTitative
does NOT manipulate variables
has AT LEAST 2 VARIABLES
“finds links b/w variables”

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11
Q

What is a predictive study design?

A

QUANTitative
examines changes over time
retrospective and predictive

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12
Q

What is an experimental study design?

A

QUANTitative
DOES manipulate variables
involves randomization
MUST be prospective

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13
Q

Experimental studies MUST be ________.

A

prospective

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14
Q

Quasi-experimental studies either lack:

A

randomization or a control group

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15
Q

What is a non-equivalent control group?

A

a quasi-experimental problem

researchers can not randomly assign subjects to groups

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16
Q

What is a time series design?

A

a quasi-experimental study that measures one group OVER TIME with multiple measures

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17
Q

What are the 5 criteria of an RCT?

A
  1. inclusion/exclusion criteria
  2. randomization
  3. PROTOCOL based interventions
  4. blinding
  5. explicit reporting (CONSORT)
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18
Q

What is study validity?

A

the ability to accept the results of a study as logical, reasonable and justifiable

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19
Q

internal validity is associated with

A

random ASSIGNMENT

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20
Q

external validity is associated with

A

random SAMPLE

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21
Q

What is internal validity?

A

did the independent variable produce a change in the dependent variable

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22
Q

What is external validity?

A

can the sample be generalized to the population

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23
Q

What are the 8 threats to INTERNAL validity?

A

HITT MMRS

  1. History - variable influenced by time
  2. Instrumentation - variables are measured using different instruments
  3. Testing - subjects remember and respond differently on the post test
  4. Temporal ambiguity - IV may not precede DV
  5. Maturation - subjects mature and therefore change
  6. Mortality - subjects die
  7. Reactivity - observation influences DV (Hawthorne effect)
  8. Selection Bias - change in DV r/t difference in participants NOT intervention
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24
Q

What are the 3 threats to external validity?

A
  1. lack of construct validity - measure does not accurately assess concept
  2. effects of selection - participants do NOT represent the population
  3. non-random sample
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25
Nurses in clinical practice need to consider _________.
The DESIGN of the study to determine it's VALUE for EBP
26
QUANT research understand reality by
isolating and measuring its components and formulates a hypothesis to test
27
QUAL research understands reality by
examining it in a holistic way and extracts meaning from data
28
QUANTitative research is based on (4)
1. realism 2. numbers 3. deductive thinking 4. positivistic focus
29
QUALitative research is based on (4)
1. idealism 2. patterns 3. inductive thinking 4. interpretivism focus
30
QUANTitative data is
objective
31
QUALitative data is
subjective and NOT biophysiological (in vivo/in vitro)
32
For QUALitative researchers, reality is
derived, not measured
33
Rate the QUALitative research designs from strongest to weakest:
1. grounded theory 2. ethnography 3. phenomenology 4. history 5. case study
34
Which QUALitative study design tries to understand a particular social construct?
grounded theory
35
Which QUALitative study design studies cultures?
ethnography
36
Which QUALitative study design has a sample size of 20-30 people?
grounded theory
37
Which QUALitative study design tries to understand dhow humans deduce and interpret things?
phenomenology
38
Which QUALitative study design looks at artifacts or oral histories?
history
39
Which QUALitative study design has a sample size of ~10 people?
phenomenology
40
Which QUALitative study design tries to develop a new theory?
grounded theory
41
Which QUALitative study design is grounded in data on a specific topic?
substantive grounded theory
42
Which QUALitative study design is based on substantive grounded theory?
grounded formal theory
43
Which QUALitative study design involves lots of field work where clinicians will physically immerse themselves in a reality?
ethnography
44
Which QUALitative study design has a sample size of 25-50 people?
ethnography
45
Which QUALitative study design describes MEANING of the human experience?
descriptive phenomenology
46
Which QUALitative study design interprets and makes sense of the human experience?
interpretive phenomenology
47
Which QUALitative study design follows the pathology of a condition over 15 years or so?
history
48
Which QUALitative study design extracts meaning from observation, but is focused on individual NOT population?
case studies
49
Are the findings of a case study generalizable?
NO - just instructive
50
WTF is data saturation?
data becomes REDUNDANT b/c there is no new information
51
What is the major difference b/w a structured vs unstructured interview?
structured interview has SPECIFIC objectives and follows a PROTOCOL unstructured interview has a BASIC goal with NO protocol
52
What should you avoid when guiding a discussion for a focus group?
avoid contaminating discussion with your own bias
53
Why is data analysis important?
it VALIDATES the accuracy/dependability of the information
54
What is the QUALitative term for internal validity?
credibility
55
What is the QUALitative term for external validity?
transferability
56
What is the QUALitative term for reliability?
dependability
57
What gives the strongest evidence for credibility, dependability and transferability (IV, EV, reliability)?
triangulation
58
Triangulation can be used in
qualitative AND quantitative studies
59
How many sources should you have for triangulation during a thematic analysis?
at least 3
60
What is corroboration?
when multiple informants hold similar perceptions AND/OR the same informant responds consistently to related questions
61
What does corroboration confirm?
CONSISTENCY of perception NOT accuracy of perception
62
Causal inference requires 3 criteria to establish causation:
1. statistical relationship 2. temporal precedence 3. R/O other causes
63
Why is using causal inference controversial when used in QUALitative studies?
it is incompatible with idealism | it is the only way to understand complex interactions in context
64
Articles that cite both qualitative and quantitative studies have ______.
similar structure
65
What is the purpose of a peer review?
ensuring quality work
66
What is IMRaD?
``` abstract Introduction Methods Results and Discussion ```
67
Who uses IMRaD?
both QUAL and QUANT
68
Where would you list a study's limitations/strengths?
discussion
69
Where would you list a study's brief overview?
abstract
70
Where would you list a study's research questions?
introduction
71
Where would you list a study's analysis plan and procedure?
methods
72
Where would you list a study's tables/figures?
results
73
Where would you list a study's future research/policy need?
discussion
74
What would be listed in a QUANTitative results section?
p value and statistical tests
75
What would be listed in a QUALitative results section?
themes and meanings
76
What is the reading order of a research paper?
ARMID 1. abstract 2. results 3. methods 4. intro 5. discussion

ABSN (18 decks)

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