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Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Benign growth of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM and accumulation of KERATIN DEBRIS

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2
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Acquired, Unilateral

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3
Q

Cholesteatoma Risk Factors

A

Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
Chronic Middle Ear Effusions
Tympanostomy Tube Placement
Cleft Palate

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4
Q

Cholesteatoma Signs and Symptoms

A

Persistent otorrhea
Conductive Hearing Loss
Pearly white mass behind an intact TM

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5
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich features

A

Eczema

Recurrent infections: viral, bacterial and fungal

Microthrombocytopenia: petechiae, intracranial hemorrhage, hematemesis, hematochezia

:: WAS gene mutation. Cytoskeleton abnormalities in leukocytes and platelets

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6
Q

Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome

A

Maternal exposure to antiepileptics: phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate

Cleft lip/palate
Distal hypoplastic phalanges
Neural tube defect
Wide anterior Fontanelle
Microcephaly
Pulmonary/Aortic stenosis
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7
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome features

A

Microcephaly
Midfacial hypoplasia
Mental retardation

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8
Q

Measles Virus (Rubeola)

A

Airborne transmission
Prodrome: cough, coryza, conjunctivits, fever
KOPLIK SPOTS

Maculopapular exanthema: Cephalocaudal, spares palm/soles

Live-attenuated measles vaccine

Treatmet: Vitamin A for hospitalized patients

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9
Q

Flaccid Paralysis, differential diagnosis

A

Infant Botulism
Foodborne botulism
Guillain-Barré syndrome

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10
Q

Infant botulism, features

A

Ingestion of C. Botulinum spores from environmental dusts (construction sites, new condos)

Descended flaccid paralysis

Tte: human-derived butolism Ig

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11
Q

Foodborne botulism, features

A

Ingestion of C. Botulinum toxin (honey)

Descending paralysis

Tte: Equine-derived botulism antitoxin

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12
Q

Guillain-Barré Syndrome, features

A

Autoimmune peripheral nerve denervetion

Ascending flaccid paralysis

Tte: pooled human Ig

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13
Q

Labor induced HSV

A

Meningoencephalitis

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14
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

X linked

Impaired NAPDH, decreased superoxide production

Suceptibility to catalase MO: S.Aureus, Serratia, Arpergillus

Suceptibility to fungus

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15
Q

Right testicule varicocele that doesn’t decompress with supine position

A

IVC compression, consider wilms tumor

Abdomen US

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16
Q

Iron poisoning treatment

A

Deferoxamine: chelating agent that binds free iron

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17
Q

Billiary Atresia Features

A

2-8 weeks
Direct hyperbili
Pale/yellow stools

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18
Q

Meconium Ileus

A

Inspissated stool causes obstruction
Strong association w/ CF

failure to pass meconium in 24 hours, abdominal distension
no stool in rectal vault

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19
Q

Delayed pass of meconuim (48 hrs or more)

A

Hirschsprung
CF
Congenital Hypothyroidism

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20
Q

Bilious emesis in the neonate

A
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21
Q

Rotavirus Vaccine

A

2 - 6 months of age

contraindications: allergies to is components, history of intussusception, severe combined immunodeficiencicy

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22
Q

Necrotizing Enterocolitis RF

A

Premature
Very low birth weight (under 1,5 kg)
Enteral feeding

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23
Q

Beckwith Wiedemann Syndrome

A

Macrosomia
Large Tongue
Midline wall defects (hernias, omphalocele)
Hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinemia

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24
Q

Meckel Diverticulum

A

Intussusception + anemia (due to asymptomatic bloody stools)

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25
Q

Abdominal distention + erythema

A

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

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26
Q

Biliary Atresia

A

Jaundice
light colored stools
direct hyperbilirubinemia

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27
Q

Reye Syndrome

A

Encephalopathy w/ cerebral edema

Acute fatty liver failure:

  • high AST ALT
  • high PT, INR, aPTT
  • high NH3
  • low glucose

Hepatomegaly w/o jaundice

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28
Q

Intussusception: location and cause

A

Ileocecal junction (ileum into the cecum)

Previous viral infection causing inflammation of the peyer patches

29
Q

Cause of jejunum or ileum atresia

A

Vascular accident in utero

Causes necrosis and resorption of the fetal intestine

Leave a blind proximal and distal ends

30
Q

Newborn jaundice: lactation failure jaundice

A

age less than 1 week

insufficient intake leads to decrease bilirubin elimination and higher enterohepatic circulation

signs of dehydration

31
Q

Newborn jaundice: breast milk jaundice

A

age more than 1 week

high beta-glucoronidase in milk leads to deconjugation of intestinal bilirubin

32
Q

Iron deficiency in infants

A

Maternal deficiency

Prematurity

Introduction to cow’s milk before 12 months of age

33
Q

Intussusception recurrence

A

25% meckel diverticulum

order nuclear scintigraphy

34
Q

Meconium Ileus and water soluble enema

A

Can be diagnostic and terapeutic in 20 - 40% of cases

DIATRIZOTE MEGLUMINE ENEMA

35
Q

Serum bilirubin more than 20

A

Crigler Najjar syndrome

36
Q

Physiologic Jaundice

A

bili less than 14

increase less than 5 per day

during the first 3 days is less than 5

resolves by day 7 (or 14 in pre-terms)

conjugated is always normal

37
Q

When to order a Renal Bladder US

A

All < 2 y/o with UTI

After fever and symptoms have resolved to reduce false positives :: inflamation

38
Q

When to order a COIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM (VCUG)

A

> 2 febrile UTI

abnormal renal US

fever > 39 w/ bacteria other and E. Coli

signs of CKD (eg: HTN)

39
Q

PUVs in utero

A

reduce urinary output

leads to oligohydroamnios

leads to pulmonary hypoplasia

40
Q

Patient with aniridia

A

WAGR syndrome

Wils tumor
Aniridia
Genirourinary abnormalities
Retardation

41
Q

Potter Sequence

A

Flatt Facies

Lung hypoplasia

Limb deformities (clubfeet)

42
Q

Conditions leading to oligohydroamnios

A

Renal Agenesis
PUVs
Polycystic kidney disease
Premature rupture of membranes

43
Q

Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

A

> 5 y/o, in children who have never achieved nighttime dryness

desmopressin is first line treatment, specially in those who want to achieve immediate improvement

44
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux pathophysiology

A

fibrosis of renal interstitial space

45
Q

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

A

elevated IgE > 1.000

46
Q

RSV complications

A

Apnea

47
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

Tonsillar Hypertrophy

48
Q

Neonate with prolonged oxygen administration

Risk of?

A

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Reduced septation of the alveoli

49
Q

Risk of drowning even in healthy appearing children

A

Delayed pulmonary complications

Respiratory Insufficiency

50
Q

Biliary atresia treatment

A
  1. KASAI procedure as bridge therapy

2. 80% requires a transplant

51
Q

Claw sign on CT

A

Wilms tumor

52
Q

Trisomy 21 cause

A

Meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21

53
Q

Trisomy 21 cause

A

Meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21

54
Q

Downsyndrome Prenatal US

A 
Absent hypoplastic nasal bone
Echogenic intracardiac focus
Ventriculomegaly
Dilated renal pelvis
short humerus/femur
AV canal heart defect
55
Q

Downsyndrome features

A

dysmorphic face featurs
hyopotonia
poor feeding

upsalting palpebral fissures
brachycephaly
epicanthal folds
anomalous low set ears
protrunding tounge
56
Q

Downsyndrome congenital heart anomalies

A

complete atrioventricular septal defect

57
Q

trisomy 18

A

edward syndrome

58
Q

Turner

A 
Short stature
Webb neck
shield chest
cardiac disease
skeleton abnormalies
59
Q

turner syndrome most common in

A

females

60
Q

turner cause

A

monosomy X

45 X

61
Q

turner heart syndrome

A

coarctation aorta

bicuspid aortic valve

62
Q

Acute Phase Treatment for Kawasaki

A

High dose ASA

IVIG to prevent coronary aneurysm

63
Q

Congenital heart disease that causes 2ry HTN

A

Coarctation of aorta

look for diminished femoral pulses

64
Q

Most common cause of stroke in peds

A

Sickle Cell Disease

65
Q

Pharmacological causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

A

Retinoids (isotretinoin)

Growth hormone

tetracyclines

66
Q

Normal weight loss in neonates

A

up to 7% of birth weight in the first 5 days

67
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant

Fibrillin 1 gen

68
Q

Ectopia lentis causes

A

Homocystinuria

Marfan

69
Q

Newborn with feeding cyanosis that relieves with crying

A

Coanal atrasia

Pass a catheter to asses

Step 2 (18 decks)

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