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OT 726- Low vision > Pediatric Low Vision > Flashcards

Pediatric Low Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of vision in development?
A) To enhance tactile development
B) To integrate multisensory information
C) To promote auditory skills
D) To improve social communication

A

B

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2
Q

At what gestational age do major structures of the eye and visual pathway start forming?
A) 12-15 weeks
B) 24-25 weeks
C) 30-32 weeks
D) 36-40 weeks

A

B

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3
Q

Which visual acuity is typical at birth?
A) 20/20
B) 20/50
C) 20/200
D) 20/40

A

C

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4
Q

By what age is visual acuity typically 20/20?
A) 1 year
B) 2-3 years
C) 4-5 years
D) 5-7 years

A

D

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common uncorrected visual condition in children?
A) Refractive error
B) Visual processing deficits
C) Nystagmus
D) Glaucoma

A

D

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6
Q

What is amblyopia?
A) Misalignment of the eyes
B) Reduced vision in one eye due to abnormal development
C) Clouding of the eye lens
D) Inability to focus on near objects

A

B

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7
Q

Which condition causes misalignment of the eyes?
A) Strabismus
B) Nystagmus
C) Amblyopia
D) Cataract

A

A

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8
Q

What is the optimal timeline for treating congenital cataracts?
A) 6 weeks to 3 months
B) 1 to 2 years
C) 3 to 5 years
D) 5 to 7 years

A

A

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9
Q

Low vision is defined as:
A) Vision loss corrected by eyeglasses
B) Permanent vision loss that cannot be corrected by medical, surgical, or optical means
C) Temporary vision impairment
D) Age-related vision deterioration

A

B

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10
Q

Which condition is commonly mistaken for intellectual disabilities in children?

A) Cataract
B) Strabismus
C) Nystagmus
D) Low vision

A

D

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11
Q

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) often presents with:

A) Foveal hypoplasia
B) Nystagmus
C) High contrast sensitivity
D) Increased melanin production

A

B

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12
Q

Which condition involves rapid, repetitive, and uncontrolled eye movements?

A) Nystagmus
B) Esotropia
C) Myopia
D) Hyperopia

A

A

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13
Q

Oculocutaneous albinism affects:

A) The eyes only
B) Skin and hair pigmentation along with vision
C) The auditory system
D) Only night vision

A

B

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14
Q

Which condition is caused by abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina of premature infants?

A) Retinitis pigmentosa
B) Nystagmus
C) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
D) Congenital cataract

A

C

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14
Q

Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) results from damage to:

A) The retina
B) The occipital cortex
C) The cornea
D) The optic nerve

A

B

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15
Q

Which visual pathway is associated with identifying where an object is located?

A) Ventral stream
B) Dorsal stream
C) Peripheral stream
D) Primary stream

A

B

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause of Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)?

A) Hypoxia
B) Meningitis
C) Retinopathy of prematurity
D) Hydrocephalus

A

C

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17
Q

In the first phase of CVI intervention, what is the primary focus?

A) Refinement of CVI characteristics
B) Increasing visual clutter tolerance
C) Building consistent visual behavior
D) Improving auditory sensitivity

A

C

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18
Q

Which condition makes it difficult for children to isolate items in the presence of clutter?

A) Cataract
B) Nystagmus
C) Cerebral visual impairment (CVI)
D) Retinitis pigmentosa

A

C

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19
Q

Children with low vision often show delayed:

A) Social development only
B) Gross motor development only
C) Motor and social development
D) Language acquisition exclusively

A

C

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20
Q

Which system is assumed to compensate for visual impairments in children?

A) Auditory system
B) Proprioceptive system
C) Vestibular system
D) All sensory systems

A

D

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21
Q

Why do children with visual impairments take longer to develop conceptual understanding?

A) They rely on auditory input exclusively
B) They cannot integrate sensory input efficiently
C) They cannot see the whole picture before understanding its parts
D) They have advanced tactile processing

A

C

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22
Q

Which behavior is NOT commonly associated with visual impairment in children?

A) Hand flapping
B) Eye poking
C) Self-rocking
D) Climbing

A

D

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22
Q

Children with visual impairments may develop fear of:

A) Crowded places
B) Auditory stimuli
C) Moving through open spaces
D) Structured play environments

A

C

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23
Q

Social participation challenges for children with visual impairment may result from:

A) Inability to hear peers
B) Difficulty picking up visual cues
C) Excessive tactile interaction
D) Lack of interest in socializing

A

B

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24
Q

Which evaluation tool is NOT standardized for children with visual impairments?

A) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B) Battelle Developmental Inventory
C) Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
D) Transdisciplinary Play-Based Assessment

A

A

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25
Q

Signs of visual problems in infants include:

A) Crawling early
B) Quick side-to-side eye movement
C) Increased interest in distant objects
D) Delayed social interaction

A

B

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26
Q

Which symptom is often present in school-aged children with visual impairments?

A) Trouble copying from the whiteboard
B) Improved concentration in noisy environments
C) Increased motor skills
D) Enhanced visual tracking

A

A

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27
Q

Oculomotor skills in children refer to:

A) Visual field processing
B) Visual tracking and gaze control
C) Near and far vision adjustment
D) Sensory modulation

A

B

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28
Q

Which professional often collaborates with OTs for children with visual impairments?

A) Orientation and Mobility (O&M) specialists
B) Pediatrician
C) Orthopedic surgeon
D) General practitioner

A

A

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29
Q

The Teacher for the Visually Impaired (TVI) focuses primarily on:

A) Correcting vision
B) Class adaptations for children with visual impairments
C) Providing driving lessons
D) Sensory integration

A

B

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30
Q

Which transition planning service supports students in Alabama with visual impairments?

A) Orientation and Mobility services
B) Vocational Rehabilitation Services (VRS)
C) Special Needs Counseling
D) Eye Care Training

A

B

31
Q

An example of a low vision intervention to enhance sensory processing is:

A) Using a CCTV
B) Suspended equipment
C) Clock method for feeding
D) Dome magnifiers

A

B

32
Q

What is the purpose of developing tactile-proprioceptive abilities in children with low vision?

A) Improve sensory avoidance behaviors
B) Enhance motor skills
C) Assist in understanding spatial relations
D) Improve visual tracking

A

C

33
Q

What tool helps maximize auditory abilities in children with visual impairments?

A) Braille textbooks
B) Echolocation
C) Tactile markers
D) Push toys

A

B

34
Q

Low vision remote controls and large print teaching clocks are examples of:

A) Tactile aids
B) Functional vision aids
C) Auditory tools
D) Mobility aids

A

B

35
Q

What is an example of a socially acceptable behavior to teach children with low vision?

A) Eye poking
B) Using verbal cues instead of visual ones
C) Role-playing turn-taking
D) Developing self-rocking strategies

A

C

36
Q

Which of the following is a recommended classroom intervention for low vision students?

A) Short focus telescope
B) Visual tracking exercises
C) Sensory play
D) Noise-canceling headphones

A

A

37
Q

Which system magnifies distance images for low vision drivers?

A) Galilean telescope
B) Keplerian telescope
C) Retinal scope
D) Auditory system magnifier

A

B

37
Q

What is one of the eligibility criteria for bioptic driving in Alabama?

A) Visual field at least 90 degrees horizontal
B) Visual field at least 110 degrees horizontal
C) Acuity through a telescope of at least 20/100
D) Color blindness is allowed

A

B

38
Q

What is the primary goal of early intervention for children with Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)?

A) Improve visual acuity
B) Develop consistent visual behaviors
C) Teach Braille
D) Correct refractive errors

A

B

39
Q

Which phase of Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) therapy focuses on refining CVI characteristics and identifying salient visual details?

A) Phase I
B) Phase II
C) Phase III
D) Phase IV

A

C

39
Q

Which visual impairment is caused by bilateral damage to the posterior visual pathways?

A) Retinitis Pigmentosa
B) Strabismus
C) Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)
D) Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

A

C

40
Q

What is the most common visual impairment among children in the U.S.?

A) Retinitis Pigmentosa
B) Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)
C) Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
D) Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (ONH)

A

B

41
Q

What can cause fluctuating visual performance in children with low vision?

A) Temperature changes
B) Changes in lighting and environmental complexity
C) Physical activity level
D) Dietary habits

A

B

42
Q

Which assessment tool is typically used for children with motor or sensory impairments, including low vision?

A) Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
B) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
C) Battelle Developmental Inventory
D) WISC-IV

A

C

43
Q

Children with low vision often show delayed development in which early milestone?

A) Fine motor skills only
B) Language acquisition only
C) Gross motor skills and locomotion
D) Visual tracking

A

C

44
Q

Children with visual impairments need exposure to multiple sensory experiences to:

A) Replace their visual system
B) Develop tactile defensiveness
C) Compensate for deficits in multisensory integration
D) Improve peripheral vision

A

C

45
Q

Which tool helps assess lighting and visibility in an environment for children with low vision?

A) Light meter
B) CCTV
C) Magnifiers
D) LuxIQ lighting system

A

D

46
Q

Which standardized test should be used with caution when evaluating children with low vision?

A) Transdisciplinary Play-Based Assessment
B) Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
C) Battelle Developmental Inventory
D) Peabody Developmental Motor Scales

A

B

47
Q

Children with low vision often have difficulty with:

A) Social participation due to inability to pick up visual cues
B) Auditory overload in quiet environments
C) Visual acuity in near-range tasks
D) Nighttime orientation

A

A

48
Q

Children with low vision may demonstrate stereotypical behaviors such as:

A) Improved fine motor skills
B) Eye poking and hand flapping
C) Advanced gross motor development
D) Constant verbalization

A

B

49
Q

Which aspect of the environment often requires modification for children with low vision?

A) Sound levels
B) Lighting and contrast
C) Temperature control
D) Surface textures

A

B

50
Q

What is a common educational intervention for children with low vision in the classroom?

A) Providing noise-canceling headphones
B) Ensuring high contrast signage and materials
C) Teaching sign language
D) Increasing background noise

A

B

51
Q

Which activity can help improve postural control in children with low vision?

A) Playing video games
B) Riding toys on various surfaces
C) Reading Braille books
D) Completing visual puzzles

A

B

52
Q
A
53
Q

visual evoked response similar to that of full-term infant. Awake state maintained for longer periods of time.

A

By 36 Weeks

54
Q

sleep and awake states differentiated. Eyes may open and brief fixation may occur.

A

30 to 34 weeks

55
Q

eyelids no longer fused; immature visual response emerges. Awake and sleep states not well differentiated.

A

25 to 28 weeks

56
Q

Match the condition to the type of refractive error:
* Moderate to high hyperopia
* High Myopia
* Moderate to high astigmatism
* Myopic shift
* Moderate to high myopia
* Myopic shift (or hyperopic with macular edema)
* Moderate to high hyperopia

A) Down Syndrome
B) Retinopathy of prematurity
C) Diabetes
D) Corneal Scarring
E) Cataracts
F) Cerebral palsy
G) Albinism

A

Albinism- Moderate to high hyperopia
Cataracts- Myopic shift
Cerebral Palsy- Moderate to High hyperopia
Corneal Scarring- Moderate to high astigmatism
Diabetes- Myopic shift (or hyperopic with macular edema)
Down syndrome- Moderate to high myopia
Retinopathy of prematurity- High Myopia

57
Q

At what age is visual acuity (VA) developed at birth

A

20/200

58
Q

At what age is visual acuity (VA) developed at 1 year?

A

VA is about 20/50

59
Q

At what age is VA developed at 2-3 years?

A

VA is about 20/40

60
Q

At what age is VA developed around 4-5 years?

A

VA is about 20/30

61
Q

At what age is VA developed between 5-7 years?

A

Typical 20/20 VA

62
Q

____ is a period during early life when a property is most susceptible to alteration by the environment

A

Critcal period

63
Q

Which condition reduces vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life. (brain favors the other eye)

A

Amblyopia (Develops from birth up to age 7-years)

64
Q

When the eye deviates inward (towards nose)

A

Esotropia

65
Q

When the eye deviates outward

A

Extropia

66
Q

Be able to know at least three causes of Congenital Cataracts:

A
  • Genetic conditions such as Down syndrome
  • Hypoglycemia of mother during pregnancy
  • Herpes virus infections during pregnancy
  • Injury during pregnancy
67
Q

This type of cataract can cause any clouding or opacity of the lens of an eye that is present at birth or develops at an early age

A

Congenital Cataract

68
Q

True/False: If vision can be corrected to normal or near normal with medicine, surgery or eyeglasses, it is not considered a low vision condition.

A

True

69
Q

This type of congenital disorder of underdevelopment of the optic nerves. Often associated with underdevelopment of hypothalamus, which may impact basic body functions such as thirst, hunger, sleep, etc.

A

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (ONH)

70
Q

Congenital Diseases (Present at Birth):

A
  • Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (small optic nerves)
  • Nystagmus
71
Q

Aquired Diseases (Developed after Birth):

A
  • Retinopathy of Prematurity (premature infant)
  • Cerebral visual impairment (brain damage)
72
Q

Inherited Diseases (Runs in a Family):

A
  • Retinitis Pigmentosa
  • Stargardt’s disease
  • Albinism
73
Q

When the congenital nystagmus intensity is minimized, foveation periods are long, and visual acuity is best. What is this called:

A

Null point

74
Q

True/False: Sighted children see the world in** whole** first and then can discover different discrete parts

A

True

75
Q

True/False: Children with VI must learn about the parts based on different sensory inputs without seeing the whole first.

A

True

OT 726- Low vision (10 decks)

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