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OT 726- Low vision > Adult Low Vision Conditions > Flashcards

Adult Low Vision Conditions Flashcards

Normal age-related changes, Age-related Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, and Diabetic Retinopathy

1
Q

Age-related loss of the eyes ability to focus actively on nearby objects.

A

Presbyopia

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2
Q

How well someone can distinguish the smallest target on their retina
(Ex: having patient read the lowest line on a eye chart without moving their head)

A

Static acuity

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3
Q

Which type of visual acuity decreases to 20/30 to 20/40
With a prevalence of 40% by age 70.

A

Static Acuity

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4
Q

Dynamic acuity also decreases reflecting reduced ____

A

Gaze stability

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5
Q

Which type of visual acuity causes a person to experiences more visual blur during head movement (as could occur when driving).

A

Dynamic Acuity

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6
Q

What are the Loss of Accommodations caused by presbyopia:

A
  • Result of compacting of protein fibers in center of lens.
  • Lens thickens/loses flexibility
  • Occurs gradually beginning in the 4 decade
  • Lose ability to see up close (near)/Creates need for bifocal.
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7
Q

Strands of protein which float in vitreous.
More noticeable in bright light. Generally benign unless accompanied by bright flashes or light.

A

Floaters

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8
Q

Dry Eyes:

____ glands do not make enough or make poor quality tears.
- more prevalent in women
- can be exacerbated by medication
- treated with artificial tears or surgery

A

Lacrimal glands

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9
Q

Symptoms of itchiness, burning, decreased acuity.
- complaints of blurry vision
- decreased endurance for reading
Are caused by:

A

Dry Eyes

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10
Q

Pupil diameter decreases is called:

A

Senile Miosis

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11
Q

Due to ____ lens thickens & becomes increasingly yellow.
- 80-year-old person needs 10x as much light as an average 23-year-old.
- creates many challenges with poorly lit environments.

A

Light dependency

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12
Q

Reduced light/dark Adaptation

True/False: Takes longer to reform and store visual pigments in receptor cells.

A

True

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13
Q

Reduced light/dark Adaptation

True/False: Less difficult to go from bright to dark than dark to bright.

A

False; its more diificult

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14
Q

Reduced light/dark Adaptation

True/False: Possible to reach same level of dark adaptation as younger people.

A

False; older adults never reach the same level of dark adaptation as younger people.

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15
Q

True/False: Driving performance and mobility is affected by reduced light & dark adaptation.

A

True

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16
Q

Changes in color and density of lens and decreased pupil aperture is called what?

A

Contrast Sensitivity

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17
Q

Reduced Contrast Sensitivity:

How much contrast does a
75-year-old need as a younger person?

A

2x

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18
Q

Reduced Contrast Sensitivity:

How much contrast does a
90-year-old need?

A

6x

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19
Q

This type of eye condition can affect reading, color discrimination, face identification.

A

Contrast Sensitivity

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20
Q

The orbit loses fat and the eye sinking in caused by?

A

Reduced visual field
- affecting mobility
- Safety in driving

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21
Q

Opacification begins in periphery and gradually moves inward towards the center is caused by?

A

Onset gradual cataract

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22
Q

Old fibers in nucleus become compressed and dehydrated as lens continues to grow throughout lifetime; creating metabolic changes result causing opacity to develop. What is this called?

A

Cataract

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23
Q

Mrs. Pupil complains of blurred vision, visual distortion, and a reduction od contrast sensitivity her doctor looks at her eyes and states that she is may have developed what in her left eye?

A

Cataracts (Senile) caused by old age

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24
Q

This type of cataract is present at birth and causes genetic defects, in utero exposure to toxic. Most cataracts of this type are not progressive. Should be removed within first two months of life, if bilateral or significant.

A

Congenital Cataracts

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25
Q

How are congenital cataracts treated in children?

A
  • Inra-occular lens replacement is possible but difficult.
  • Mostly treat with lenses or contract lens in children.
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26
Q

The removing of the lens in the eye is called ?

A

Aphakia condition

must be corrected to get back needed refraction

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27
Q

Two ways Aphakia can be corrected?

A
  1. with thick glasses or lenses
  2. Intra-ocular lens procedure (IOL)
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28
Q

Cataract is removed using phacoemulsification (ultrasonc fragmentation of lens into fine peices that are then sucked out and replaced with a plastic implant. What surgical procedure is this?

A

Intra-ocular lens (IOL) Procedure

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29
Q

American Academy of Opthamology Indicated when the cataract has caused a reduction of acuity __ or worse.

A

20/50

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30
Q

True/false: Research suggests that occupational performance is affected before cataract reaches this stage.

A

True

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31
Q

Persons with beginning cataract can experience:

A
  1. Increased senstivity to glare/light
  2. Decreased contrast sensitivity function
  3. Decreased color perception
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32
Q

Which eye condition is the leading cause of low vision?

A

Age-related macular degenration (AMD or ARMD)

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33
Q

Macular diseases create permanent vision loss but……

A

do not cause blindness

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34
Q

Macular disease can destroy ___ of vision

A

20%

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35
Q

The calling card of macular disease is?

A

Central Scotoma (blindspot)

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36
Q

Two types of AMD:

Characteristics of Dry AMD:
1. Non-neovascular
2. progresses in stages from early to advanced
3. ____
4. ____

Dry AMD- chronic, atrophic, or senile

A
  1. Characterized by appearance of drusen (lipid-fatty protein) on the surface of the retina and later geographic atrophy.
  2. 85-90% of all AMD is the DRY form.
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37
Q

Two types of AMD:

Characteristics of Neovascular (wet):
1. Advanced form
2. ____

Neovascular means new vessels

A
  1. characterized by neovascularizartion & significant vision loss.
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38
Q

These are symptoms of which eye disease:
- most prevalent
- Affects all races
- Slow progression
- unilateral; progresses to both eyes
- Baldingor scatoma of the retina; thus photoreceptors die off

A

Dry AMD

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39
Q

These are symptoms of which eye disease:
- less prevalent
- caucasians > more at risk
- Bilateral
- Hemorrhaging within eye that kills photoreceptor cells

A

Neovascular AMD (WET)

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40
Q

Inflammation develops from this type of eye disease process:
1. RPE cells break down
2. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates new blood vessel growth
3. ____
4. Blood kills photoreceptor cells
5. ____

A

Neovascular AMD

  1. New blood vessels are fragile and leak
  2. Scotoma develops
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41
Q

____ occurs in sub-retinal layer between sensory retina and choroid.

A

Neovascularization

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42
Q

Results of AMD:
1. Macular Scotoma
2. ____
3. Slow dark/Light adaptation
4. ____

A
  1. Light sensitivity
  2. Fluctuating vision
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43
Q

What is the leading cause of low vision in older adults?
A) Glaucoma
B) Diabetic Retinopathy
C) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
D) Cataracts

A

C. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

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44
Q

Which part of the eye is primarily affected in Glaucoma?
A) Retina
B) Optic Nerve
C) Cornea
D) Macula

A

B) Optic Nerve

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45
Q

At what age do static acuity changes typically become noticeable?
- A) 40 years old
- B) 60 years old
- C) 70 years old
- D) 80 years old
Answer: C) 70 years old

A
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46
Q

What condition is commonly referred to as the “silent thief of sight”?
- A) Cataracts
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Diabetic Retinopathy
- D) Dry Eyes
Answer: B) Glaucoma

A
47
Q

Which vitamin has been shown to reduce the progression of intermediate and advanced dry AMD?
- A) Vitamin D
- B) Vitamin A
- C) Vitamin E
- D) Vitamin C
Answer: D) Vitamin C

A
48
Q

*How is diabetic retinopathy caused?**
- A) By excessive light exposure
- B) Due to a buildup of fluid in the macula
- C) As a complication of diabetes affecting the blood vessels in the eye
- D) Genetic predisposition
Answer: C) As a complication of diabetes affecting the blood vessels in the eye

A
49
Q

What symptom might indicate a person has dry AMD?
- A) Sudden, severe vision loss
- B) Gradual central vision loss
- C) Complete blindness
- D) Peripheral vision loss
Answer: B) Gradual central vision loss

A
50
Q

Which condition leads to a central scotoma?
- A) Cataracts
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- D) Dry Eye
Answer: C) Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A
50
Q

Which lifestyle factor can increase the risk of developing AMD?
- A) Smoking
- B) Regular exercise
- C) Low-fat diet
- D) UV-protected sunglasses
Answer: A) Smoking

A
51
Q

Which intervention is primarily used to treat wet AMD?
- A) Intraocular lenses
- B) Anti-VEGF injections
- C) Cataract surgery
- D) Contact lenses
Answer: B) Anti-VEGF injections

A
52
Q

What percentage of AMD cases are the dry form?
- A) 10-15%
- B) 50%
- C) 70-75%
- D) 85-90%
Answer: D) 85-90%

A
53
Q

What does glare sensitivity affect most?
A) Depth perception
B) Color vision
C) Night vision and driving performance
D) Peripheral vision

A

C) Night vision and driving performance

54
Q

In which population is open-angle glaucoma more common?
A) Caucasians
B) African Americans
C) Asians
D) Hispanics

A

B) African Americans

55
Q

How is neovascularization in wet AMD treated?
A) Eyedrops
B) Laser photocoagulation
C) Anti-VEGF injections
D) Glasses

A

C) Anti-VEGF injections

55
Q

What factor exacerbates dry eye symptoms?
A) High-fat diet
B) Smoking
C) Staring at a computer screen for long periods
D) Outdoor physical exercise

A

C) Staring at a computer screen for long periods

56
Q

What is the primary risk factor for diabetic retinopathy?
A) Glaucoma
B) Poorly managed blood glucose levels
C) UV light exposure
D) High-fat diet

A

B) Poorly managed blood glucose levels

57
Q

What is a common symptom of cataracts?
A) Increased sensitivity to glare
B) Total vision loss
C) Severe eye pain
D) Night blindness

A

A) Increased sensitivity to glare

58
Q

Which surgery is a last resort for treating diabetic retinopathy?
A) Vitrectomy
B) Cataract surgery
C) Photodynamic therapy
D) Trabeculectomy

A

A) Vitrectomy

59
Q

What is the function of the trabecular meshwork in the eye?
A) Focus light on the retina
B) Drain aqueous fluid to maintain intraocular pressure
C) Control pupil size
D) Nourish the cornea

A

B) Drain aqueous fluid to maintain intraocular pressure

60
Q

What is the common treatment for glaucoma that reduces aqueous production?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Prostaglandin analogs
C) Anti-VEGF injections
D) Steroid injections

A

A) Beta-blockers

61
Q

What causes floaters in the eye?
A) Dry eyes
B) Degeneration of protein in the vitreous humor
C) Macular degeneration
D) Increased blood pressure

A

B) Degeneration of protein in the vitreous humor

62
Q

What part of vision is affected first in glaucoma?
A) Central vision
B) Peripheral vision
C) Night vision
D) Color vision

A

B) Peripheral vision

63
Q

What dietary supplement is recommended for preventing progression in dry AMD?
A) Omega-3 fatty acids
B) High-protein diet
C) Vitamins A, C, E
D) Low-sugar diet

A

C) Vitamins A, C, E

64
Q

What is a significant risk factor for both AMD and diabetic retinopathy?
A) Age
B) Exercise
C) Eye color
D) Low-fat diet

A

A) Age

65
Q

Which condition can cause both floaters and flashes of light?
A) Diabetic Retinopathy
B) Cataracts
C) Glaucoma
D) Dry AMD

A

A) Diabetic Retinopathy

66
Q

What percentage of people aged 70 experience reduced static acuity?
- A) 10%
- B) 20%
- C) 40%
- D) 60%
Answer: C) 40%

A
67
Q

Which vision condition is often described as a “balding of the retina”?
- A) Wet AMD
- B) Cataracts
- C) Dry AMD
- D) Glaucoma
Answer: C) Dry AMD

A
68
Q

In advanced dry AMD, which waste products accumulate in the retina?
- A) Hemorrhages
- B) Floaters
- C) Drusen
- D) Aqueous humor
Answer: C) Drusen

A
69
Q

Which treatment uses laser to treat AMD without significantly damaging photoreceptors?
- A) Trabeculectomy
- B) Laser Photocoagulation
- C) Photodynamic therapy
- D) Vitrectomy
Answer: C) Photodynamic therapy

A
70
Q

Which symptom is common in both dry eyes and cataracts?
- A) Light sensitivity
- B) Itchiness
- C) Color blindness
- D) Blurred vision
Answer: D) Blurred vision

A
71
Q

*Which cells are affected in diabetic retinopathy due to oxygen deprivation?**
- A) Rods
- B) Cones
- C) Blood vessels
- D) Retinal pigment epithelium
Answer: C) Blood vessels

A
72
Q

How much more contrast does a 90-year-old need compared to a younger person?
- A) 2x
- B) 4x
- C) 6x
- D) 10x
Answer: C) 6x

A
73
Q

Which procedure involves the ultrasonic fragmentation of the lens in cataract surgery?
- A) Trabeculectomy
- B) Phacoemulsification
- C) Vitrectomy
- D) Photodynamic therapy
Answer: B) Phacoemulsification

A
74
Q

What is a common non-modifiable risk factor for both AMD and glaucoma?
- A) Smoking
- B) Family history
- C) High cholesterol
- D) UV exposure
Answer: B) Family history

A
74
Q

What is the most common form of glaucoma?
- A) Angle-closure glaucoma
- B) Primary open-angle glaucoma
- C) Congenital glaucoma
- D) Traumatic glaucoma
Answer: B) Primary open-angle glaucoma

A
75
Q

Which condition can result in a macular scotoma, affecting central vision?
- A) Glaucoma
- B) Cataracts
- C) AMD
- D) Diabetic Retinopathy
Answer: C) AMD

A
76
Q

Which type of glaucoma progresses rapidly and often results in sudden vision loss?
- A) Open-angle
- B) Angle-closure
- C) Normal-tension
- D) Congenital
Answer: B) Angle-closure

A
77
Q

In diabetic retinopathy, what do dot and blot hemorrhages indicate?
- A) Cataracts
- B) Retinal detachment
- C) Macular edema
- D) Drusen deposits
Answer: C) Macular edema

A
78
Q

Which factor is most closely related to the progression from dry to wet AMD?
- A) Smoking
- B) Exercise
- C) UV exposure
- D) Age
Answer: A) Smoking

A
79
Q

Which procedure creates a new drainage pathway for aqueous fluid in glaucoma?
- A) Vitrectomy
- B) Trabeculectomy
- C) Photodynamic therapy
- D) Phacoemulsification
Answer: B) Trabeculectomy

A
79
Q

How much more light does an 80-year-old need compared to a younger person?
- A) 2x
- B) 5x
- C) 10x
- D) 20x
Answer: C) 10x

A
80
Q

*What increases with aging and affects dynamic visual acuity?**
- A) Eye pressure
- B) Glare sensitivity
- C) Gaze stability
- D) Color sensitivity
Answer: C) Gaze stability

A
81
Q

What is the main characteristic of neovascular AMD?
- A) Geographic atrophy
- B) Lipid drusen deposits
- C) Central scotoma
- D) Neovascularization
Answer: D) Neovascularization

A
82
Q

What type of cataract is caused by protein clumping in the lens?
- A) Traumatic cataract
- B) Congenital cataract
- C) Senile cataract
- D) Cortical cataract
Answer: C) Senile cataract

A
83
Q

What drug class is used to reduce aqueous production in glaucoma treatment?
- A) Prostaglandin analogs
- B) Beta blockers
- C) Steroids
- D) Anti-VEGF
Answer: B) Beta blockers

A
84
Q

How is dark adaptation affected by aging?
- A) It increases
- B) It decreases
- C) It stays the same
- D) It becomes quicker
Answer: B) It decreases

A
85
Q

What condition is associated with the development of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)?
- A) Cataracts
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Wet AMD
- D) Dry AMD
Answer: C) Wet AMD

A
86
Q

Which condition has a higher prevalence in African Americans than in Caucasians?
- A) AMD
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Cataracts
- D) Dry Eyes
Answer: B) Glaucoma

A
87
Q

What occurs in advanced neovascular AMD that can cause severe vision loss?
- A) Drusen development
- B) Photoreceptor cell death
- C) Floaters
- D) Increased intraocular pressure
Answer: B) Photoreceptor cell death

A
88
Q

Risk factors of which eye condition:
1. Lifestyle
2. Smoking
3. Obesity
4. ____
5. ____

A

Dry & Wet AMD

  1. High fat
  2. Low exercise
89
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors of AMD:

A
  1. Hereditary/Genetics
  2. Age
90
Q

Modifiable risk factors of AMD:

A
  1. weight
  2. exercise increase
  3. diet control
  4. High blood pressure
  5. High Cholesterol
  6. SMOKING
91
Q

medical intervetions (WET AMD)

This type of medical intervention prevents ____ from binding on endothelial cells. Injected into Vitreous & passes into subretinal space.

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

92
Q

medical intervetions (WET AMD)

Anti-VEGF treatment aids in?
1. Better stabiliazation-reduction of cell death
2. ___
3. Significant decline in low contrast acuity

A
  1. Reduces size, density of scotoma
93
Q

medical intervetions (WET AMD)

This type of treatment uses a non-thermal cold laser. Helps to stabilize condition in most patients, however majority still loses vision.

A

Photodynamic therapy

94
Q

medical intervetions (WET AMD)

This type of treatment is ONLY used with people who have endstage wet or dry AMD.

A

Miniature Telescope

95
Q

Medical intervention (Dry AMD)

In the early stage there is NO proven medical intervention

A

Dry AMD

96
Q

Medical intervention (Dry AMD)

Vitamin therapy (can reduce progression of dry AMD) can be used in what stage of DRY AMD ?

A

Intermediate and late-stage

97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A
101
Q

This type of eye disease begins in the anterior chamber which involves the ciliary body
and Trabecular meshwork.

A

Glaucoma

102
Q

____ cant be drained fast enough to prevent build up, thus causes ____ damage to the optic nerve.

A

Aqueous

Permanent

103
Q

Most common form of glaucoma in older adults

Accounts for 90% of all cases

A

Open-angle Glaucoma

develops slowly, progresses slowly, painless

104
Q

Which type of glauacoma makes the Iris bulge forward to narrow of block the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris; thus aqueous cannot flow and exit the eye.

less common type

A

Angle-closure Glaucoma

105
Q

Glaucoma

Pattern of vision loss:
1. Damage to optic nerve starts in peripheral field
2. ____
3. Two areas eventuality join together and cause blindness.
4. ____

A

Pie shaped scotoma develops in the macula

Usually unaware of condition until Macular scotoma develops

106
Q

Glaucoma eye drops: match the eye drops to the correct description

  1. ____ - Reduce production of aqueous
  2. ____ -facilitate drainage (has three options)
  3. ____ -Redcuce production of aqueous and facilitates drainage.
  4. ____ - rarely used & reduce production of aqueous
A

A. Beta blockers
B. Prostaglandian analogs, Miotic, & cholinegric agents
C. Alpha Agonists
D. Carbonic Anydraise inhibitors

107
Q

Leading cause of blindness in adults younger than 65

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

108
Q

True/False: Diabetic Retinopathy affects persons with type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

A

True

109
Q

Macular edema (oxygen deprivation ofthe retina) develops caused by?

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

OT 726- Low vision (3 decks)

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