Adult Low Vision Conditions Flashcards
Normal age-related changes, Age-related Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, and Diabetic Retinopathy
1
Q
Age-related loss of the eyes ability to focus actively on nearby objects.
A
Presbyopia
2
Q
How well someone can distinguish the smallest target on their retina
(Ex: having patient read the lowest line on a eye chart without moving their head)
A
Static acuity
3
Q
Which type of visual acuity decreases to 20/30 to 20/40
With a prevalence of 40% by age 70.
A
Static Acuity
4
Q
Dynamic acuity also decreases reflecting reduced ____
A
Gaze stability
5
Q
Which type of visual acuity causes a person to experiences more visual blur during head movement (as could occur when driving).
A
Dynamic Acuity
6
Q
What are the Loss of Accommodations caused by presbyopia:
A
- Result of compacting of protein fibers in center of lens.
- Lens thickens/loses flexibility
- Occurs gradually beginning in the 4 decade
- Lose ability to see up close (near)/Creates need for bifocal.
7
Q
Strands of protein which float in vitreous.
More noticeable in bright light. Generally benign unless accompanied by bright flashes or light.
A
Floaters
8
Q
Dry Eyes:
____ glands do not make enough or make poor quality tears.
- more prevalent in women
- can be exacerbated by medication
- treated with artificial tears or surgery
A
Lacrimal glands
9
Q
Symptoms of itchiness, burning, decreased acuity.
- complaints of blurry vision
- decreased endurance for reading
Are caused by:
A
Dry Eyes
10
Q
Pupil diameter decreases is called:
A
Senile Miosis
11
Q
Due to ____ lens thickens & becomes increasingly yellow.
- 80-year-old person needs 10x as much light as an average 23-year-old.
- creates many challenges with poorly lit environments.
A
Light dependency
12
Q
Reduced light/dark Adaptation
True/False: Takes longer to reform and store visual pigments in receptor cells.
A
True
13
Q
Reduced light/dark Adaptation
True/False: Less difficult to go from bright to dark than dark to bright.
A
False; its more diificult
14
Q
Reduced light/dark Adaptation
True/False: Possible to reach same level of dark adaptation as younger people.
A
False; older adults never reach the same level of dark adaptation as younger people.
15
Q
True/False: Driving performance and mobility is affected by reduced light & dark adaptation.
A
True
16
Q
Changes in color and density of lens and decreased pupil aperture is called what?
A
Contrast Sensitivity
17
Q
Reduced Contrast Sensitivity:
How much contrast does a
75-year-old need as a younger person?
A
2x
18
Q
Reduced Contrast Sensitivity:
How much contrast does a
90-year-old need?
A
6x
19
Q
This type of eye condition can affect reading, color discrimination, face identification.
A
Contrast Sensitivity
20
Q
The orbit loses fat and the eye sinking in caused by?
A
Reduced visual field
- affecting mobility
- Safety in driving
21
Q
Opacification begins in periphery and gradually moves inward towards the center is caused by?
A
Onset gradual cataract
22
Q
Old fibers in nucleus become compressed and dehydrated as lens continues to grow throughout lifetime; creating metabolic changes result causing opacity to develop. What is this called?
A
Cataract
23
Q
Mrs. Pupil complains of blurred vision, visual distortion, and a reduction od contrast sensitivity her doctor looks at her eyes and states that she is may have developed what in her left eye?
A
Cataracts (Senile) caused by old age
24
Q
This type of cataract is present at birth and causes genetic defects, in utero exposure to toxic. Most cataracts of this type are not progressive. Should be removed within first two months of life, if bilateral or significant.
A
Congenital Cataracts
25
How are congenital cataracts treated in children?
- Inra-occular lens replacement is possible but difficult.
- **Mostly** treat with lenses or contract lens in children.
26
The removing of the lens in the eye is called ?
Aphakia condition
## Footnote
must be corrected to get back needed refraction
27
Two ways **Aphakia** can be corrected?
1. with thick glasses or lenses
2. Intra-ocular lens procedure (IOL)
28
Cataract is removed using phacoemulsification (ultrasonc fragmentation of lens into fine peices that are then sucked out and replaced with a plastic implant. What surgical procedure is this?
Intra-ocular lens (IOL) Procedure
29
American Academy of Opthamology Indicated when the cataract has caused a reduction of acuity __ or worse.
**20/50**
30
True/false: Research suggests that occupational performance is affected **before** cataract reaches this stage.
True
31
Persons with beginning cataract can experience:
1. Increased senstivity to glare/light
2. Decreased contrast sensitivity function
3. Decreased color perception
32
Which eye condition is the leading cause of low vision?
Age-related macular degenration (AMD or ARMD)
33
Macular diseases create permanent vision loss but......
**do not cause blindness**
34
Macular disease can destroy ___ of vision
**20%**
35
The calling card of macular disease is?
Central Scotoma (blindspot)
36
# Two types of AMD:
Characteristics of Dry AMD:
1. Non-neovascular
2. progresses in stages from early to advanced
3. ____
4. ____
## Footnote
Dry AMD- chronic, atrophic, or senile
3. Characterized by appearance of **drusen (lipid-fatty protein)** on the surface of the retina and later geographic atrophy.
4. **85-90%** of all AMD is the **DRY** form.
37
# Two types of AMD:
Characteristics of Neovascular (wet):
1. Advanced form
2. ____
## Footnote
Neovascular means new vessels
2. characterized by neovascularizartion & significant vision loss.
38
These are symptoms of which eye disease:
- most prevalent
- Affects **all races**
- Slow progression
- **unilateral**; progresses to both eyes
- **Balding**or scatoma of the retina; thus **photoreceptors die off**
Dry AMD
39
These are symptoms of which eye disease:
- less prevalent
- **caucasians** > more at risk
- **Bilateral**
- **Hemorrhaging** within eye that kills photoreceptor cells
Neovascular AMD (WET)
40
Inflammation develops from this type of eye disease process:
1. RPE cells break down
2. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates new blood vessel growth
3. ____
4. **Blood** kills photoreceptor cells
5. ____
Neovascular AMD
1. New blood vessels are fragile and leak
2. Scotoma develops
41
____ occurs in sub-retinal layer between sensory retina and choroid.
Neovascularization
42
Results of AMD:
1. Macular Scotoma
2. ____
3. Slow dark/Light adaptation
4. ____
2. Light sensitivity
4. Fluctuating vision
43
What is the leading cause of low vision in older adults?
A) Glaucoma
B) Diabetic Retinopathy
C) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
D) Cataracts
C. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
44
Which part of the eye is primarily affected in Glaucoma?
A) Retina
B) Optic Nerve
C) Cornea
D) Macula
B) Optic Nerve
45
**At what age do static acuity changes typically become noticeable?**
- A) 40 years old
- B) 60 years old
- C) 70 years old
- D) 80 years old
C) 70 years old
46
**What condition is commonly referred to as the "silent thief of sight"?**
- A) Cataracts
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Diabetic Retinopathy
- D) Dry Eyes
B) Glaucoma
47
**Which vitamin has been shown to reduce the progression of intermediate and advanced dry AMD?**
- A) Vitamin D
- B) Vitamin A
- C) Vitamin E
- D) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin C
48
**How is diabetic retinopathy caused?**
- A) By excessive light exposure
- B) Due to a buildup of fluid in the macula
- C) As a complication of diabetes affecting the blood vessels in the eye
- D) Genetic predisposition
C) As a complication of diabetes affecting the blood vessels in the eye
49
**What symptom might indicate a person has dry AMD?**
- A) Sudden, severe vision loss
- B) Gradual central vision loss
- C) Complete blindness
- D) Peripheral vision loss
B) Gradual central vision loss
50
**Which condition leads to a central scotoma?**
- A) Cataracts
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- D) Dry Eye
C) Age-Related Macular Degeneration
50
**Which lifestyle factor can increase the risk of developing AMD?**
- A) Smoking
- B) Regular exercise
- C) Low-fat diet
- D) UV-protected sunglasses
A) Smoking
51
**Which intervention is primarily used to treat wet AMD?**
- A) Intraocular lenses
- B) Anti-VEGF injections
- C) Cataract surgery
- D) Contact lenses
B) Anti-VEGF injections
52
**What percentage of AMD cases are the dry form?**
- A) 10-15%
- B) 50%
- C) 70-75%
- D) 85-90%
D) 85-90%
53
What does glare sensitivity affect most?
A) Depth perception
B) Color vision
C) Night vision and driving performance
D) Peripheral vision
C) Night vision and driving performance
54
In which population is open-angle glaucoma more common?
A) Caucasians
B) African Americans
C) Asians
D) Hispanics
B) African Americans
55
How is neovascularization in wet AMD treated?
A) Eyedrops
B) Laser photocoagulation
C) Anti-VEGF injections
D) Glasses
C) Anti-VEGF injections
55
What factor exacerbates dry eye symptoms?
A) High-fat diet
B) Smoking
C) Staring at a computer screen for long periods
D) Outdoor physical exercise
C) Staring at a computer screen for long periods
56
What is the primary risk factor for diabetic retinopathy?
A) Glaucoma
B) Poorly managed blood glucose levels
C) UV light exposure
D) High-fat diet
B) Poorly managed blood glucose levels
57
What is a common symptom of cataracts?
A) Increased sensitivity to glare
B) Total vision loss
C) Severe eye pain
D) Night blindness
A) Increased sensitivity to glare
58
Which surgery is a last resort for treating diabetic retinopathy?
A) Vitrectomy
B) Cataract surgery
C) Photodynamic therapy
D) Trabeculectomy
A) Vitrectomy
59
What is the function of the trabecular meshwork in the eye?
A) Focus light on the retina
B) Drain aqueous fluid to maintain intraocular pressure
C) Control pupil size
D) Nourish the cornea
B) Drain aqueous fluid to maintain intraocular pressure
60
What is the common treatment for glaucoma that reduces aqueous production?
A) Beta-blockers
B) Prostaglandin analogs
C) Anti-VEGF injections
D) Steroid injections
A) Beta-blockers
61
What causes floaters in the eye?
A) Dry eyes
B) Degeneration of protein in the vitreous humor
C) Macular degeneration
D) Increased blood pressure
B) Degeneration of protein in the vitreous humor
62
What part of vision is affected first in glaucoma?
A) Central vision
B) Peripheral vision
C) Night vision
D) Color vision
B) Peripheral vision
63
What dietary supplement is recommended for preventing progression in dry AMD?
A) Omega-3 fatty acids
B) High-protein diet
C) Vitamins A, C, E
D) Low-sugar diet
C) Vitamins A, C, E
64
What is a significant risk factor for both AMD and diabetic retinopathy?
A) Age
B) Exercise
C) Eye color
D) Low-fat diet
A) Age
65
Which condition can cause both floaters and flashes of light?
A) Diabetic Retinopathy
B) Cataracts
C) Glaucoma
D) Dry AMD
A) Diabetic Retinopathy
66
**What percentage of people aged 70 experience reduced static acuity?**
- A) 10%
- B) 20%
- C) 40%
- D) 60%
C) 40%
67
**Which vision condition is often described as a "balding of the retina"?**
- A) Wet AMD
- B) Cataracts
- C) Dry AMD
- D) Glaucoma
C) Dry AMD
68
**In advanced dry AMD, which waste products accumulate in the retina?**
- A) Hemorrhages
- B) Floaters
- C) Drusen
- D) Aqueous humor
C) Drusen
69
**Which treatment uses laser to treat AMD without significantly damaging photoreceptors?**
- A) Trabeculectomy
- B) Laser Photocoagulation
- C) Photodynamic therapy
- D) Vitrectomy
C) Photodynamic Therapy
70
**Which symptom is common in both dry eyes and cataracts?**
- A) Light sensitivity
- B) Itchiness
- C) Color blindness
- D) Blurred vision
D) Blurred vision
71
**Which cells are affected in diabetic retinopathy due to oxygen deprivation?**
- A) Rods
- B) Cones
- C) Blood vessels
- D) Retinal pigment epithelium
C) Blood vessels
72
**How much more contrast does a 90-year-old need compared to a younger person?**
- A) 2x
- B) 4x
- C) 6x
- D) 10x
C) 6x
73
**Which procedure involves the ultrasonic fragmentation of the lens in cataract surgery?**
- A) Trabeculectomy
- B) Phacoemulsification
- C) Vitrectomy
- D) Photodynamic therapy
B) Phaceomulsification
74
**What is a common non-modifiable risk factor for both AMD and glaucoma?**
- A) Smoking
- B) Family history
- C) High cholesterol
- D) UV exposure
B) Family history
74
**What is the most common form of glaucoma?**
- A) Angle-closure glaucoma
- B) Primary open-angle glaucoma
- C) Congenital glaucoma
- D) Traumatic glaucoma
B) Primary open-angle glaucoma
75
**Which condition can result in a macular scotoma, affecting central vision?**
- A) Glaucoma
- B) Cataracts
- C) AMD
- D) Diabetic Retinopathy
C) AMD
76
**Which type of glaucoma progresses rapidly and often results in sudden vision loss?**
- A) Open-angle
- B) Angle-closure
- C) Normal-tension
- D) Congenital
B) Angle-closure
77
**In diabetic retinopathy, what do dot and blot hemorrhages indicate?**
- A) Cataracts
- B) Retinal detachment
- C) Macular edema
- D) Drusen deposits
C) Macular edema
78
**Which factor is most closely related to the progression from dry to wet AMD?**
- A) Smoking
- B) Exercise
- C) UV exposure
- D) Age
A) Smoking
79
**Which procedure creates a new drainage pathway for aqueous fluid in glaucoma?**
- A) Vitrectomy
- B) Trabeculectomy
- C) Photodynamic therapy
- D) Phacoemulsification
B) Trabeculectomy
79
**How much more light does an 80-year-old need compared to a younger person?**
- A) 2x
- B) 5x
- C) 10x
- D) 20x
C) 10x
80
**What increases with aging and affects dynamic visual acuity?**
- A) Eye pressure
- B) Glare sensitivity
- C) Gaze stability
- D) Color sensitivity
C) Gaze stability
81
**What is the main characteristic of neovascular AMD?**
- A) Geographic atrophy
- B) Lipid drusen deposits
- C) Central scotoma
- D) Neovascularization
D) Neovascularization
82
**What type of cataract is caused by protein clumping in the lens?**
- A) Traumatic cataract
- B) Congenital cataract
- C) Senile cataract
- D) Cortical cataract
C) Senile Cataract
83
**What drug class is used to reduce aqueous production in glaucoma treatment?**
- A) Prostaglandin analogs
- B) Beta blockers
- C) Steroids
- D) Anti-VEGF
B) Beta blockers
84
**How is dark adaptation affected by aging?**
- A) It increases
- B) It decreases
- C) It stays the same
- D) It becomes quicker
B) It decreases
85
**What condition is associated with the development of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)?**
- A) Cataracts
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Wet AMD
- D) Dry AMD
C) Wet AMD
86
**Which condition has a higher prevalence in African Americans than in Caucasians?**
- A) AMD
- B) Glaucoma
- C) Cataracts
- D) Dry Eyes
B) Glaucoma
87
**What occurs in advanced neovascular AMD that can cause severe vision loss?**
- A) Drusen development
- B) Photoreceptor cell death
- C) Floaters
- D) Increased intraocular pressure
B) Photoreceptor cell death
88
Risk factors of which eye condition:
1. Lifestyle
2. Smoking
3. Obesity
4. ____
5. ____
Dry & Wet AMD
4. High fat
5. Low exercise
89
Non-modifiable risk factors of AMD:
1. Hereditary/Genetics
2. Age
90
Modifiable risk factors of AMD:
1. weight
2. exercise increase
3. diet control
4. High blood pressure
5. High Cholesterol
6. **SMOKING**
91
# medical intervetions (WET AMD)
This type of medical intervention prevents ____ from binding on endothelial cells. Injected into Vitreous & passes into subretinal space.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
92
# medical intervetions (WET AMD)
Anti-VEGF treatment aids in?
1. Better stabiliazation-reduction of cell death
2. ___
3. Significant decline in low contrast acuity
2. Reduces size, density of scotoma
93
# medical intervetions (WET AMD)
This type of treatment uses a **non-thermal cold** laser. Helps to stabilize condition in most patients, however majority still loses vision.
Photodynamic therapy
94
# medical intervetions (WET AMD)
This type of treatment is **ONLY** used with people who have endstage **wet** or **dry** AMD.
Miniature Telescope
95
# Medical intervention (Dry AMD)
In the early stage there is **NO** proven medical intervention
Dry AMD
96
# Medical intervention (Dry AMD)
Vitamin therapy (can reduce progression of dry AMD) can be used in what stage of **DRY AMD** ?
Intermediate and late-stage
97
This type of eye disease begins in the **anterior chamber** which involves the **ciliary body**
and **Trabecular meshwork**.
Glaucoma
98
____ cant be drained fast enough to prevent build up, thus causes ____ damage to the **optic nerve**.
Aqueous
Permanent
99
Most common form of glaucoma in older adults
## Footnote
Accounts for 90% of all cases
Open-angle Glaucoma
## Footnote
develops slowly, progresses slowly, **painless**
100
Which type of glauacoma makes the Iris bulge forward to narrow of block the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris; thus aqueous cannot flow and exit the eye.
## Footnote
less common type
Angle-closure Glaucoma
101
# Glaucoma
Pattern of vision loss:
1. Damage to optic nerve starts in peripheral field
2. ____
3. Two areas eventuality join together and cause blindness.
4. ____
Pie shaped scotoma develops in the macula
Usually unaware of condition until Macular scotoma develops
102
# Glaucoma eye drops: match the eye drops to the correct description
1. ____ - Reduce production of aqueous
2. ____ -facilitate drainage (has three options)
3. ____ -Redcuce production of aqueous and facilitates drainage.
4. ____ - rarely used & reduce production of aqueous
A. Beta blockers
B. Prostaglandian analogs, Miotic, & cholinegric agents
C. Alpha Agonists
D. Carbonic Anydraise inhibitors
103
Leading cause of **blindness** in adults younger than 65
Diabetic Retinopathy
104
True/False: Diabetic Retinopathy affects persons with type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
True
105
Macular edema (oxygen deprivation ofthe retina) develops caused by?
Diabetic Retinopathy
