Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PEDIATRICS > PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE 1.1 > Flashcards

PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of Pediatric Critical Care?

A

“Triage of the acutely ill child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When should a child be referred to intensive care?

A

“When critically ill or injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the general danger signs to check for in a sick child?

A

“Ask if the child can drink or breastfeed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common reason for emergency room visits among children?

A

“Fever.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the most common complaints leading to acute care visits for children?

A

“Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common reason for a sick child visit?

A

“Fever.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are age-dependent potential causes of serious bacterial infections?

A

“UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What pathogens are neonates (0-3 months) at risk of sepsis from?

A

○ Group B streptococcus
○ Escherichia coli
○ Listeria monocytogenes
○ Herpes simplex virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are common risk factors for neonatal sepsis?

A

○ Prematurity
○ Chorioamnionitis during the time of labor,
○ PROM (Premature Rupture of Membrane)
○ Maternal history of STI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are signs of meningitis in an infant?

A

“Bulging fontanelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What pathogens commonly cause bacteremia, sepsis, or meningitis in children over 3 months old?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae Type B
  • Neisseria meningitidis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is altered mental status?

A

“A change in content of consciousness or level of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What mnemonic is used to identify causes of altered mental status?

A

AEIOU TIPS (mnemonic)
○ Alcohol
○ Epilepsy
○ Insulin
○ Overdose of certain medication
○ Uremia
○ Trauma
○ Infection
○ Psychosis
○ Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are common non-GI causes of vomiting?

A

○ Hyperammonemia
○ Increased intracranial pressure (fever,
vomiting, intractable and projectile vomit,
decreased mental sensorium)
○ Poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are signs and symptoms associated with respiratory distress?

A

Tachypnea secondary to fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are common causes of wheezing in children?

A

“Bronchial asthma
○ Cardiac disease
○ Congenital anomalies such as vascular
rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are common causes of abdominal pain in children?

A

“Constipation
○ Functional abdominal pain
○ Urinary tract infection
○ Gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What should be checked for in a child with abdominal pain?

A

○ Stooling patterns
○ Abdominal distention
○ Fever
○ Urinary symptoms
○ Vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is mottled skin, and what can it indicate?

A

“Mottled skin is a net-like discoloration pattern that can indicate respiratory distress or systemic illness.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are signs of systemic illness associated with vomiting?

A

“Bilious or bloody emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the definition of pediatric shock?

A

Pediatric shock is an acute life-threatening condition characterized by an inability to deliver adequate oxygen to meet the metabolic demands of vital organs and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which system components are involved in the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, which transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main types of pediatric shock?

A

Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Distributive, Septic, and Obstructive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most common type of shock in children?

A

Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock in children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are common causes of hypovolemic shock?
Diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, acute gastroenteritis, severe dehydration, and vehicular accidents.
26
What are potential etiologies of cardiogenic shock?
Congenital heart diseases, cardiomyopathies (infectious or acquired), acute myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and ischemia.
27
What are the features of distributive shock?
Distributive shock is characterized by inadequate vasomotor tone, capillary leaks, maldistribution of fluid into the interstitium, and hypotension with cold, clammy extremities.
28
What are examples of obstructive shock etiologies?
Tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism, and critical coarctation of the aorta.
29
What are the major features of septic shock?
Septic shock includes hypovolemic shock (fluid loss), distributive shock (decreased SVR), and cardiogenic shock (myocardial depression).
30
What are compensatory mechanisms for shock?
The body increases cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), leading to tachycardia, increased stroke volume, vasoconstriction, and redistribution of blood to vital organs.
31
What happens during renal compensation in shock?
The kidneys maintain body pH by excreting hydrogen ions, retaining bicarbonate, and regulating sodium through the RAA pathway.
32
Why does the gastrointestinal tract develop ileus during shock?
The gastrointestinal tract develops ileus as a compensatory mechanism to conserve oxygen for critical organs during shock.
33
What are the effects of distributive shock on blood flow?
Distributive shock causes abnormal vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow away from vital organs, initially leading to compensatory increased cardiac output.
34
What is the primary cause of septic shock?
Septic shock is primarily caused by infection that activates the immune system, releasing toxic mediators such as TNF and interleukins.
35
What is the clinical outcome if shock is not treated?
Untreated shock can lead to persistent inadequate tissue perfusion, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and death.
36
How is blood pressure maintained during compensated shock?
Blood pressure is maintained by increasing cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
37
What are the clinical signs of hypovolemic shock in children?
Clinical signs include hypotension, irregular pulses, and signs of dehydration such as dry mucous membranes and poor skin turgor.
38
What is a common clinical manifestation of cardiogenic shock?
Signs include poor myocardial function, tachycardia, weak pulses, and cold extremities.
39
What are signs of distributive shock?
Signs include hypotension, cold clammy skin, and maldistribution of fluids into the interstitium.
40
What is the hallmark of septic shock?
The hallmark of septic shock is a combination of hypovolemic, distributive, and cardiogenic shock caused by an uncontrolled infection and inflammatory cascade.
41
What are the causes of hypovolemic shock due to extracorporeal fluid loss?
Direct blood loss through hemorrhage, or abnormal loss of body fluids (diarrhea, vomiting, burns, diabetes mellitus or insipidus, nephrosis).
42
What causes hypovolemic shock by lowering plasma oncotic forces?
Hypoproteinemia due to liver injury or increased capillary permeability.
43
What is the pathophysiology of distributive shock?
Loss of vascular tone (venous, arterial, or both) caused by sympathetic blockade, local substances affecting permeability, acidosis, drug effects, or spinal cord transection.
44
What leads to increased vascular permeability in shock?
Sepsis-induced capillary permeability changes due to endotoxins, or excess histamine release in anaphylaxis.
45
What cardiac conditions can result in peripheral hypoperfusion?
Ischemia, acidosis, drug effects, constrictive pericarditis, pancreatitis, and sepsis.
46
What are the general clinical manifestations of shock?
Tachycardia, decreased urine output, poor peripheral perfusion, altered mental state, respiratory distress, and hypotension.
47
What is the normal urine output in patients?
1 mL - 1.5 mL/kg/hr.
48
What are key signs of hypovolemic shock?
Orthostatic hypotension, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, decreased urine output, and cool extremities.
49
How can you assess dehydration in hypovolemic shock?
Look for dry lips, sunken eyeballs, poor skin turgor, thirst, mental status changes, and decreased urine output.
50
What are signs of cardiogenic shock?
Tachypnea, delayed capillary refill time, poor peripheral or central pulses, cool extremities, declining mental status, and decreased urine output.
51
What causes obstructive shock?
Physical restriction of forward blood flow, potentially presenting with cardiac arrest.
52
What are common signs of distributive shock?
Peripheral vasodilation and increased but inadequate cardiac output.
53
What cutaneous findings indicate uncompensated shock?
Petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, diffuse erythema, ecthyma gangrenosum, peripheral gangrene, and jaundice.
54
What is the International Consensus Definition for Pediatric Sepsis?
Infection can progress to SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and potentially MODS or death.
55
What defines Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?
An inflammatory cascade initiated by infectious or noninfectious triggers, with activation of inflammatory mediators like TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and interferon-gamma.
56
What is the clinical definition of sepsis?
SIRS plus a suspected or proven infection.
57
What defines severe sepsis?
Sepsis plus cardiovascular organ dysfunction or 2 or more organ dysfunctions (respiratory, renal, neurologic, hematologic, or hepatic).
58
What characterizes septic shock?
Sepsis plus cardiovascular organ dysfunction requiring medical intervention.
59
What laboratory findings are associated with septic shock?
Thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutropenia, prolonged PT/aPTT, reduced fibrinogen, elevated fibrin split products, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, and abnormal glucose levels.
60
What is the first step in managing pediatric shock?
Follow Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) or Neonatal Advanced Life Support (NALS): airway, breathing, circulation.

PEDIATRICS (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions