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PEDIATRICS > DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS 1.1 > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the correlation between developmental milestones and brain maturation in children?

A

Developmental milestones align with age-group and brain maturation; understanding brain maturation helps predict milestones.

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2
Q

What is the most common presentation of developmental disability?

A

Failure to achieve age-appropriate developmental milestones.

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3
Q

What are the five domains of developmental milestones?

A

Motor (gross and fine), language (expressive and receptive), social, cognition/intelligence, and behavioral.

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4
Q

At what age should a child be walking independently, and what is a red flag?

A

Most children walk by 12 months; inability to walk by 18 months is a red flag.

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5
Q

What should be the approach if developmental red flags are identified?

A

Provide early intervention and consider specialist referral.

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6
Q

What does ‘cephalocaudal development’ refer to in brain maturation?

A

Development from head to toe, as seen in gross motor skill acquisition.

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7
Q

At what age can children typically roll over due to neck and trunk motor control?

A

Around 3 to 4 months.

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8
Q

What is the significance of ‘proximal to distal’ development?

A

Development progresses from the chest to the fingers, enabling fine motor control.

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9
Q

When does pincer grasp typically develop?

A

At 8 to 9 months.

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10
Q

What happens during synaptogenesis?

A

The number of synapses increases significantly, supporting brain development.

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11
Q

Why are early experiences critical in brain development?

A

They determine the strength and efficiency of neural connections.

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12
Q

When does the brain’s pruning process for higher-order thinking complete?

A

In the early 20s.

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13
Q

What are ‘sensitive periods’ in early brain development?

A

Times when brain development is most rapid and disruptions can cause long-term effects.

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14
Q

What role does epigenetics play in brain development?

A

Environmental factors influence gene expression and long-term developmental outcomes.

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15
Q

What are the critical periods for language development?

A

Begins at 6 months and continues until around age 7.

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16
Q

What is the energy consumption of the brain in newborns compared to four-year-olds?

A

97% in newborns, dropping to 44% by age four as the brain matures.

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17
Q

What happens during pruning in adolescence?

A

Excess gray matter is removed, making brain connections more specialized and efficient.

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18
Q

What are some environmental factors that affect gene expression through epigenetics?

A

Temperature, radiation, diet, food, drugs, and nutrients.

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19
Q

What are the three domains affected during drowning pathophysiology?

A

Anoxic-ischemic injury, pulmonary injury, and cold water injury/hypothermia.

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20
Q

What developmental milestone occurs at 6 to 7 months?

A

Children begin to sit on their own.

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21
Q

What is the first brain function to develop after birth?

A

Vision and hearing develop first, followed by language and higher cognitive functions.

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22
Q

What does ‘nature and nurture’ mean in the context of epigenetics?

A

Development is influenced by both genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental experiences (nurture).

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23
Q

What is the goal of identifying developmental red flags early?

A

To enable timely intervention and optimize developmental outcomes.

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24
Q

What should you do if a parent expresses concern about their child’s development?

A

Listen to their concerns and refer to a specialist if necessary.

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25
Q

What does development occur in a predictable manner depend on?

A

A child’s age, allowing anticipation of specific maturation and developmental domains.

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26
Q

What are extrinsic factors in development?

A

Nurture, environmental influences, experiences, and upbringing.

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27
Q

What are intrinsic factors in development?

A

Genetics and biological aspects that shape growth.

28
Q

What role does motor development play in other areas?

A

Strong motor development supports advancements in other areas, such as language development.

29
Q

What tools can physicians use to monitor development?

A

Developmental milestones, developmental screening tools, and parental concerns.

30
Q

What should parents do to monitor developmental milestones?

A

Encourage regular check-ups with the pediatrician.

31
Q

When should a physician address parental concerns about development?

A

Always, especially if a parent, mother, or grandmother is worried.

32
Q

What is essential in assessing developmental history?

A

Understanding what is considered normal for each developmental domain within a specific age group.

33
Q

What indicates a developmental delay in a three-year-old child?

A

Inability to answer basic questions like their name or address.

34
Q

What prenatal and perinatal events can lead to developmental delays?

A

Maternal illness, medication, or hypoxia during labor.

35
Q

What medical conditions can affect brain development?

A

Sepsis, meningitis, and encephalitis.

36
Q

What family history factors are relevant to development?

A

Epilepsy, genetic disorders, or metabolic disorders.

37
Q

What is the normal head circumference at birth?

A

33-35 cm.

38
Q

What does a head circumference of 2 SD below normal indicate?

A

Microcephaly.

39
Q

What reflex is stimulated by stroking the sole of the foot?

A

Babinski reflex.

40
Q

When does the Babinski reflex disappear?

A

9 months to a year.

41
Q

What reflex involves grasping tightly when palms are touched?

A

Grasping reflex.

42
Q

When does the grasping reflex weaken?

A

At 3 months and disappears by 1 year.

43
Q

What is the Moro reflex response to a sudden move or noise?

A

Startles, throws out arms and legs, then pulls them toward the body.

44
Q

When does the Moro reflex disappear?

A

3-4 months.

45
Q

What reflex involves turning toward a stroked cheek?

A

Rooting reflex.

46
Q

When does the rooting reflex disappear?

A

3-4 months.

47
Q

What does an asymmetric reflex indicate?

A

Possible weakness or cerebral palsy.

48
Q

What is the significance of a persistent reflex?

A

It is a red flag and could indicate developmental delay.

49
Q

What reflex appears at 6-9 months and persists thereafter?

A

Parachute reflex.

50
Q

What is the forward parachute reflex?

A

A protective extension reaction forward to prevent injury.

51
Q

What does an absent parachute reflex indicate?

A

Possible motor delay or cerebral palsy.

52
Q

When should lateral protective equilibrium develop?

A

By 7-8 months.

53
Q

What is the critical period for language development?

A

Begins at 6 months and continues until around age 7.

54
Q

What factors can imprint long-term effects on gene expression?

A

Environmental factors like diet, radiation, or drugs.

55
Q

What does synaptogenesis involve?

A

Formation of new synapses, critical for neural connections and development.

56
Q

When does maximal language synaptogenesis occur?

A

By 2 years old.

57
Q

Why is the frontal lobe critical in adolescence?

A

It supports advanced thinking and planning skills.

58
Q

What happens to brain energy consumption by age 4?

A

Drops to 44% from 97% at birth.

59
Q

What indicates normal development for a 1-year-old?

A

Head circumference tripled from birth size to around 43-45 cm.

60
Q

What does the presence of café au lait spots suggest?

A

Possible neurocutaneous disorders like neurofibromatosis.

61
Q

When should primitive reflexes disappear?

A

By specific ages; persistence is a red flag.

62
Q

Which reflex involves coordinated swimming movements?

A

Swimming reflex, disappearing at 6-7 months.

63
Q

How should a developmental physical exam start?

A

With observation: ‘Stop, Look, Listen, and Make it a game.’

64
Q

What should be noted in a developmental physical exam?

A

Facial features, skin, head circumference, and neurologic examination.

65
Q

What is a common reason a child cannot talk?

A

Hearing loss.

66
Q

What reflex involves a defense reaction to prevent a fall backward?

A

Backward parachute reflex.

67
Q

What should be done if developmental concerns arise?

A

Refer to a specialist immediately.

PEDIATRICS (17 decks)

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