DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS 1.3 Flashcards
How many neural connections are formed per second in a child’s brain during the first 3 years of life?
700 neural connections per second
What does cognition refer to?
Intelligence
What is the foundation of intelligence?
Cognitive development
Why is standardized testing not viable for infants?
Infants’ cognitive abilities cannot be reliably assessed through standardized tests.
At what age does object permanence typically develop?
9-10 months
What is object permanence?
The understanding that an object still exists even when it is hidden or out of sight
Which game is associated with Piaget’s concept of object permanence?
Peek-a-boo
What is the developmental milestone for joint attention?
18 months
What are the three parts of learning?
Attention, Information processing, Memory
What is the single best indicator of intellectual potential?
Language
What gross motor milestone is least predictive of cognitive potential?
Walking
At what age do children typically begin showing separation anxiety, linked to increasing memory?
8 months (around the time of object permanence)
What is the concept of causality in cognitive development?
The understanding that an action produces an effect
What is an example of causality in infants?
Crying or smiling to produce a response
What is a cognitive red flag at 2 months?
Lack of fixation
What is a cognitive red flag at 4 months?
Lack of visual tracking
What is a cognitive red flag at 6 months?
Failure to turn to sound or voice
What is a cognitive red flag at 9 months?
Lack of babbling consonant sounds
What is a cognitive red flag at 18 months?
No attempt at speaking a real word with meaning
What is a cognitive red flag at 2 years?
Failure to use a single word
What is a cognitive red flag at 3 years?
Failure to speak in 3-word sentences
What is nerve proliferation?
The formation of thousands of new neural connections in the brain, especially in the front of the brain, by age 11 for girls and 12 for boys
What is nerve pruning?
The process where unused neural connections die out while those that are used and reinforced are strengthened
How is language development linked to nerve pruning?
Pathways involved in language that are used are strengthened, while unused ones are pruned
What is a key link between conception and child development?
Brain development
Why is crying or smiling considered part of causality in infants?
Because the infant repeats these actions to elicit a response from caregivers
How is separation anxiety related to memory?
It reflects an infant’s ability to remember their caregiver even when out of sight
What is a sign of weakness in the opposite hand when a 12-month-old child is drinking from a cup?
Holding the cup with just one hand
At what age does a child typically start eating with a spoon?
18 months
What activity can a 2-year-old typically perform?
Remove shoes and socks
At what age do children usually begin toilet training?
3 years
What is the typical developmental milestone for buttoning and zipping?
4-5 years
What is the social milestone for a 6-week-old?
Smiles
What developmental milestone occurs at 1-2 months?
Follows a moving person with eyes
At what age do children typically laugh out loud?
4 months
At what age do children typically raise their arms to be picked up and show stranger anxiety?
6-9 months
What is a red flag if a 9-month-old child is not displaying stranger anxiety or easily goes with strangers?
It may indicate a developmental concern.
At what age do children typically start playing peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake?
9 months
At what age do temper tantrums become common?
2 years
What is a red flag if a 2-year-old is too kind, quiet, and can be carried by anyone?
It may suggest a behavioral or developmental problem.
What is the key milestone for social development at the end of the first year?
Joint attention
At what age do children typically point to request things (proto-imperative)?
12-14 months
At what age do children start pointing to indicate interest (proto-declarative)?
16 months
What developmental milestone is typically seen at 18 months?
Brings toys/objects to caregivers
At what age do children typically engage in simple pretend play?
18 months
What is parallel play, and at what age is it typically seen?
Playing alongside others but separately, usually at 2 years old
At what age do children start engaging in complex pretend play?
30 months
What does joint play (e.g., playing tag) signify in a 2.5-year-old?
It shows shared feelings or thoughts, not just parallel play.
What is the key social milestone for a 3-year-old?
Playing with 1-2 peers in simple fantasy or imaginative play
At what age do children master the difference between real and imaginary play?
4 years
What is a behavioral red flag for a 2 or 3-year-old child?
Preferring to play alone and not wanting to interact with other children
What is a common finding in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Preferring to play alone and not interacting with others
What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
What is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability?
Fragile X syndrome
What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is the normal IQ range according to psychometric testing?
IQ > 70
At what IQ range is mild intellectual disability (ID) classified?
IQ 50-69
What percentage of all intellectual disability cases are classified as mild?
85% of all ID cases
What is the IQ range for moderate intellectual disability (ID)?
IQ 40-54
What is the IQ range for severe intellectual disability (ID)?
IQ 25-39
What is the IQ range for profound intellectual disability (ID)?
IQ < 24
What are the prenatal causes of intellectual disability?
CNS malformation, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic factors, toxins, infections, neurocutaneous syndromes, and malnutrition
What are the perinatal causes of intellectual disability?
Hypoxia, septicemia, neonatal seizures
What are the postnatal causes of intellectual disability?
CNS infection, stroke, trauma/abuse, hypoxia, degenerative conditions, metabolic disorders
What is global developmental delay?
A term used for children under 5 years old with limitations in two or more domains, including motor, language, social, behavior, and adaptive skills
What is the age range for screening tools for developmental milestones?
4-60 months
What is the purpose of developmental screening tools like ASQ, BINS, and Denver-II?
To check for developmental milestones or delays in children
What is the primary social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child development?
Children’s social interactions were most impacted by isolation and lack of peer interactions.
How can parents be reassured when they blame themselves for their child’s developmental delay?
Reassure them that genetic and environmental factors are often beyond their control, and emphasize the importance of early intervention.
How can parents cope with the denial of their child’s developmental delay?
Approach the conversation with sympathy and explanation, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and help.
Does social and stranger anxiety always affect children even if they are used to different people?
No, it varies. Stranger anxiety is normal but can occur even if the child is familiar with other people.
What should parents do if they are in denial about their child’s developmental delay?
Explain the issue gently and assure them there is no ‘perfect’ time to seek consultation.
How does long-term illness impact a child’s development?
Chronic illnesses can affect nutrition and brain development, potentially leading to delays.
Can a child experience sudden developmental regression after a traumatic event?
Regression after trauma is often a behavioral response rather than a developmental delay.
Are there evidence-based alternative therapies for children with developmental disorders?
No cure exists, but continuous therapy can help maintain progress. Family education is key.
What initiatives exist to educate parents about developmental milestones?
The Child Neurology Society of the Philippines’ ‘The Growing Brain Project’ and various online resources.
How does early exposure to technology affect a child’s development?
Excessive gadget use can hinder social interaction and communication development. Limits and guidance are crucial.
Does extended exposure to educational videos affect language development?
Yes, face-to-face interaction is more beneficial for language development than passive viewing of educational videos.
