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PEDIATRICS > DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS 1.3 > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many neural connections are formed per second in a child’s brain during the first 3 years of life?

A

700 neural connections per second

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2
Q

What does cognition refer to?

A

Intelligence

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3
Q

What is the foundation of intelligence?

A

Cognitive development

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4
Q

Why is standardized testing not viable for infants?

A

Infants’ cognitive abilities cannot be reliably assessed through standardized tests.

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5
Q

At what age does object permanence typically develop?

A

9-10 months

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6
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The understanding that an object still exists even when it is hidden or out of sight

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7
Q

Which game is associated with Piaget’s concept of object permanence?

A

Peek-a-boo

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8
Q

What is the developmental milestone for joint attention?

A

18 months

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9
Q

What are the three parts of learning?

A

Attention, Information processing, Memory

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10
Q

What is the single best indicator of intellectual potential?

A

Language

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11
Q

What gross motor milestone is least predictive of cognitive potential?

A

Walking

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12
Q

At what age do children typically begin showing separation anxiety, linked to increasing memory?

A

8 months (around the time of object permanence)

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13
Q

What is the concept of causality in cognitive development?

A

The understanding that an action produces an effect

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14
Q

What is an example of causality in infants?

A

Crying or smiling to produce a response

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15
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 2 months?

A

Lack of fixation

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16
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 4 months?

A

Lack of visual tracking

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17
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 6 months?

A

Failure to turn to sound or voice

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18
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 9 months?

A

Lack of babbling consonant sounds

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19
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 18 months?

A

No attempt at speaking a real word with meaning

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20
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 2 years?

A

Failure to use a single word

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21
Q

What is a cognitive red flag at 3 years?

A

Failure to speak in 3-word sentences

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22
Q

What is nerve proliferation?

A

The formation of thousands of new neural connections in the brain, especially in the front of the brain, by age 11 for girls and 12 for boys

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23
Q

What is nerve pruning?

A

The process where unused neural connections die out while those that are used and reinforced are strengthened

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24
Q

How is language development linked to nerve pruning?

A

Pathways involved in language that are used are strengthened, while unused ones are pruned

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25
Q

What is a key link between conception and child development?

A

Brain development

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26
Q

Why is crying or smiling considered part of causality in infants?

A

Because the infant repeats these actions to elicit a response from caregivers

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27
Q

How is separation anxiety related to memory?

A

It reflects an infant’s ability to remember their caregiver even when out of sight

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28
Q

What is a sign of weakness in the opposite hand when a 12-month-old child is drinking from a cup?

A

Holding the cup with just one hand

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29
Q

At what age does a child typically start eating with a spoon?

A

18 months

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30
Q

What activity can a 2-year-old typically perform?

A

Remove shoes and socks

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31
Q

At what age do children usually begin toilet training?

A

3 years

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32
Q

What is the typical developmental milestone for buttoning and zipping?

A

4-5 years

33
Q

What is the social milestone for a 6-week-old?

A

Smiles

34
Q

What developmental milestone occurs at 1-2 months?

A

Follows a moving person with eyes

35
Q

At what age do children typically laugh out loud?

A

4 months

36
Q

At what age do children typically raise their arms to be picked up and show stranger anxiety?

A

6-9 months

37
Q

What is a red flag if a 9-month-old child is not displaying stranger anxiety or easily goes with strangers?

A

It may indicate a developmental concern.

38
Q

At what age do children typically start playing peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake?

A

9 months

39
Q

At what age do temper tantrums become common?

A

2 years

40
Q

What is a red flag if a 2-year-old is too kind, quiet, and can be carried by anyone?

A

It may suggest a behavioral or developmental problem.

41
Q

What is the key milestone for social development at the end of the first year?

A

Joint attention

42
Q

At what age do children typically point to request things (proto-imperative)?

A

12-14 months

43
Q

At what age do children start pointing to indicate interest (proto-declarative)?

A

16 months

44
Q

What developmental milestone is typically seen at 18 months?

A

Brings toys/objects to caregivers

45
Q

At what age do children typically engage in simple pretend play?

A

18 months

46
Q

What is parallel play, and at what age is it typically seen?

A

Playing alongside others but separately, usually at 2 years old

47
Q

At what age do children start engaging in complex pretend play?

A

30 months

48
Q

What does joint play (e.g., playing tag) signify in a 2.5-year-old?

A

It shows shared feelings or thoughts, not just parallel play.

49
Q

What is the key social milestone for a 3-year-old?

A

Playing with 1-2 peers in simple fantasy or imaginative play

50
Q

At what age do children master the difference between real and imaginary play?

A

4 years

51
Q

What is a behavioral red flag for a 2 or 3-year-old child?

A

Preferring to play alone and not wanting to interact with other children

52
Q

What is a common finding in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A

Preferring to play alone and not interacting with others

53
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?

A

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

54
Q

What is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability?

A

Fragile X syndrome

55
Q

What is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

56
Q

What is the normal IQ range according to psychometric testing?

A

IQ > 70

57
Q

At what IQ range is mild intellectual disability (ID) classified?

A

IQ 50-69

58
Q

What percentage of all intellectual disability cases are classified as mild?

A

85% of all ID cases

59
Q

What is the IQ range for moderate intellectual disability (ID)?

A

IQ 40-54

60
Q

What is the IQ range for severe intellectual disability (ID)?

A

IQ 25-39

61
Q

What is the IQ range for profound intellectual disability (ID)?

A

IQ < 24

62
Q

What are the prenatal causes of intellectual disability?

A

CNS malformation, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic factors, toxins, infections, neurocutaneous syndromes, and malnutrition

63
Q

What are the perinatal causes of intellectual disability?

A

Hypoxia, septicemia, neonatal seizures

64
Q

What are the postnatal causes of intellectual disability?

A

CNS infection, stroke, trauma/abuse, hypoxia, degenerative conditions, metabolic disorders

65
Q

What is global developmental delay?

A

A term used for children under 5 years old with limitations in two or more domains, including motor, language, social, behavior, and adaptive skills

66
Q

What is the age range for screening tools for developmental milestones?

A

4-60 months

67
Q

What is the purpose of developmental screening tools like ASQ, BINS, and Denver-II?

A

To check for developmental milestones or delays in children

68
Q

What is the primary social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child development?

A

Children’s social interactions were most impacted by isolation and lack of peer interactions.

69
Q

How can parents be reassured when they blame themselves for their child’s developmental delay?

A

Reassure them that genetic and environmental factors are often beyond their control, and emphasize the importance of early intervention.

70
Q

How can parents cope with the denial of their child’s developmental delay?

A

Approach the conversation with sympathy and explanation, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and help.

71
Q

Does social and stranger anxiety always affect children even if they are used to different people?

A

No, it varies. Stranger anxiety is normal but can occur even if the child is familiar with other people.

72
Q

What should parents do if they are in denial about their child’s developmental delay?

A

Explain the issue gently and assure them there is no ‘perfect’ time to seek consultation.

73
Q

How does long-term illness impact a child’s development?

A

Chronic illnesses can affect nutrition and brain development, potentially leading to delays.

74
Q

Can a child experience sudden developmental regression after a traumatic event?

A

Regression after trauma is often a behavioral response rather than a developmental delay.

75
Q

Are there evidence-based alternative therapies for children with developmental disorders?

A

No cure exists, but continuous therapy can help maintain progress. Family education is key.

76
Q

What initiatives exist to educate parents about developmental milestones?

A

The Child Neurology Society of the Philippines’ ‘The Growing Brain Project’ and various online resources.

77
Q

How does early exposure to technology affect a child’s development?

A

Excessive gadget use can hinder social interaction and communication development. Limits and guidance are crucial.

78
Q

Does extended exposure to educational videos affect language development?

A

Yes, face-to-face interaction is more beneficial for language development than passive viewing of educational videos.

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