DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS 1.2 Flashcards
What is the average age at which a child can hold their head steady while sitting?
2 months
What developmental implication is associated with a child holding their head steady while sitting?
Allows more visual interaction
At what age can a child pull to sit with no head lag?
3 months
What does the ability to pull to sit with no head lag indicate?
Muscle tone
At what age do children typically bring their hands together in midline?
3 months
What does bringing hands together in midline signify?
Self-discovery of hands
When does the asymmetric tonic neck reflex disappear?
4 months
What does the disappearance of the asymmetric tonic neck reflex allow?
Inspection of hands in midline
At what age do children typically sit without support?
6 months
What developmental implication is associated with sitting without support?
Increasing exploration
At what age do children roll back to stomach?
6.5 months
What is a developmental implication of rolling back to the stomach?
Truncal flexion, risk of falls
When do children typically walk alone?
12 months
What developmental implication is associated with walking alone?
Exploration, control of proximity to parents
At what age do children typically start running?
16 months
What challenge does running pose for caregivers?
Supervision becomes more difficult
At what age do children typically grasp a rattle?
3.5 months
What is the developmental implication of grasping a rattle?
Object use
When do children typically reach for objects?
4 months
What developmental skill is indicated by reaching for objects?
Visuomotor coordination
When does the palmar grasp reflex disappear?
4 months
What ability does the disappearance of the palmar grasp reflex enable?
Voluntary release
At what age do children typically transfer objects hand to hand?
5.5 months
What developmental implication is associated with transferring objects hand to hand?
Comparison of objects
When does a child develop a thumb-finger grasp/pincer grasp?
8-9 months
What developmental milestone is associated with a pincer grasp?
Exploring small objects
At what age do children turn pages of a book?
12 months
What skill is associated with turning pages of a book?
Increasing autonomy during book time
When do children typically scribble?
13 months
What skill is demonstrated by scribbling?
Visuomotor coordination
At what age do children typically build a tower of 2 cubes?
15 months
What skill is associated with building a tower of 2 cubes?
Using objects in combination
When do children typically build a tower of 6 cubes?
22 months
What skills are required to build a tower of 6 cubes?
Visual, gross, and fine motor coordination
When do children smile in response to a face or voice?
1.5 months
What does smiling in response to a face or voice indicate?
More active social participation
When does monosyllabic babble typically begin?
6 months
What does monosyllabic babble signify?
Experimentation with sound and tactile sense
When do children typically inhibit to ‘No’?
7 months
What skill is demonstrated by inhibiting to ‘No’?
Response to tone (non-verbal)
When do children follow one-step commands with a gesture?
7 months
What skill is demonstrated by following one-step commands with a gesture?
Nonverbal communication
When do children follow one-step commands without a gesture?
10 months
What skill is demonstrated by following one-step commands without a gesture?
Verbal receptive language
When do children typically say ‘Mama’ or ‘Dada’?
10 months
What does saying ‘Mama’ or ‘Dada’ signify?
Expressive language development
When do children typically point to objects?
10 months
What does pointing to objects indicate?
Interactive communication
When do children typically say their first real word?
12 months
What does saying the first real word indicate?
Beginning of labeling and meaningful communication
When do children typically speak 4-6 words?
15 months
What developmental milestone is associated with speaking 4-6 words?
Acquisition of object and personal names
When do children typically speak 10-15 words?
18 months
What developmental milestone is associated with speaking 10-15 words?
Further acquisition of object and personal names
When do children typically start forming 2-word sentences?
19 months
What developmental milestone is associated with 2-word sentences?
Beginning grammaticization and a vocabulary of 50 words
When does object permanence typically develop?
8 months
What is the significance of uncovering a toy after seeing it hidden?
Object permanence
At what age does egocentric symbolic play, such as pretending to drink from a cup, typically occur?
12 months
What skill is demonstrated by egocentric symbolic play?
Beginning symbolic thought
At what age do children use a stick to reach a toy?
17 months
What developmental skill is demonstrated by using a stick to reach a toy?
Linking actions to solve problems
At what age does pretend play with a doll, such as giving a doll a bottle, typically occur?
17 months
What skill is demonstrated by pretend play with a doll?
Symbolic thought
What are the six domains of function in child development?
Gross motor, Fine motor, Language, Cognition, Activities of daily living, Social and emotional behavior
What is the first gross motor milestone achieved at 3 months?
Head control
At what age does a child typically sit independently?
6 months
At what age can a child ride a tricycle?
3 years
What gross motor skill is developed by 5 years of age?
Riding a bicycle
What is a red flag in gross motor development at 4 months?
Lack of steady head control when sitting
Why is persistent toe walking considered a red flag?
It may indicate neuromuscular issues or spasticity.
What is a fine motor milestone achieved at 3 months?
Holding an object and bringing hands to midline
At what age does a child develop a pincer grasp?
8-9 months
What fine motor skill can a 3-year-old typically perform?
Drawing a circle
What is a red flag for fine motor skills at 3 months?
Persistent fisting
Why is hand preference before 18 months a red flag?
It may indicate weakness or neurological problems on the opposite side.
At what age does receptive language start to develop with name recognition?
6 months
What is the typical expressive language milestone at 9-15 months?
First words such as ‘mama’ or ‘papa’
What is the expressive language milestone for a 2-year-old?
Combining two words and 50% intelligible speech
What are the four P’s in language development by age 4?
Pronouns, Prepositions, Plurals, Past tense
What is a red flag in language development at 12 months?
No babbling, no pointing, no gestures
At what age should a child be 100% intelligible in speech?
4 years
What milestone in visual development is achieved by 6-8 weeks?
Fixation and straight eye alignment
What is a red flag in visual development for infants?
Persistent or new squint
What does it mean if a child loses language skills at any age?
It may indicate language regression, a warning sign for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
What is the primary cause for delayed expressive language in hearing-impaired babies?
They may have normal receptive responses but lack expressive language development.
At what age does a child develop smooth tracking and can reach for objects?
6-9 months
Why is language development considered a predictor of overall intelligence?
It reflects the cognitive and adaptive abilities of a child.
By 2 years of age, what percentage of a child’s speech should be intelligible?
0.5
At what age does canonical babbling typically occur?
6-10 months
Why is echolalia not considered true language development?
It is merely the repetition of sounds without communicative intent.
What is the naming period in language development?
10-18 months, when children realize names and labels
What is a common feature of pre-speech development at 4-5 months?
Vocal tennis—appears to mimic conversation
What is the typical vocabulary size for a 3-year-old?
500 words
Why is bilingualism not a cause for developmental language delay?
The sum of words from both languages should match that of monolingual children.
When is a brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) examination recommended?
When there are concerns about hearing or language development
Why is the 18-month visit important for developmental assessment?
It allows early detection of language or social problems like Autism Spectrum Disorder.
