Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PEDIATRICS > AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) > Flashcards

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A

ASD is a neurological and developmental disorder affecting how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave. It is described as a developmental disorder because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two main behavioral branches in DSM-5 criteria for ASD?

A
  1. Social communication and interaction difficulties.
  2. Restrictive and repetitive behaviors.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some common social communication behaviors in ASD?

A

Examples include poor eye contact, difficulty with back-and-forth conversation, not responding to one’s name, or talking at length about a favorite subject without noticing others’ interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of restrictive/repetitive behaviors in ASD?

A

These include echolalia (repeating words/phrases), intense focus on specific topics, distress with routine changes, and sensitivity to sensory inputs like light, sound, or touch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is autism a disease?

A

No, autism is not a disease. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder with no cure but can be managed through therapy and intervention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do vaccines cause autism?

A

No, vaccines, including the MMR vaccine, do not cause autism. Extensive research and reviews have disproved this claim.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can autistic individuals feel emotions?

A

Yes, autistic individuals are capable of feeling all emotions. They may have difficulty expressing or interpreting emotions, leading to misconceptions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do all autistic individuals have an intellectual disability or inability to speak?

A

No, autism is not an intellectual disability. Some autistic individuals may have intellectual disabilities, while others have average or high IQs. Verbal abilities also vary widely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Can one ‘grow out’ of autism?

A

No, autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. Early diagnosis and intervention can help individuals manage symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does bad parenting cause autism?

A

No, bad parenting does not cause autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, not a reflection of parenting quality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are autistic individuals more violent?

A

No, research indicates that violence is no more prevalent among autistic individuals than the general population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is autism a mental health problem?

A

No, autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. However, individuals with autism may experience mental health challenges like anxiety or depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is autism becoming an epidemic?

A

No, the increase in autism diagnoses reflects improved awareness, diagnostic capabilities, and understanding rather than an epidemic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the current prevalence of ASD?

A

In 2020, 1 in 36 children aged 8 years was estimated to have ASD. Autism prevalence has increased 178% since 2000.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are common signs of social interaction difficulties in ASD?

A

Examples include lack of eye contact, difficulty in responding to names, poor conversational reciprocity, and preference for solitary play.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some causes of ASD?

A

Causes include environmental factors (e.g., chemical pollutants, viral infections), genetic predisposition, older parental age, nutrient deficiencies, and stressful family environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are risk factors for developing ASD?

A

Risk factors include having a sibling with ASD, older or younger parents, very low birth weight, and certain genetic conditions like Fragile X syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does ASD affect expressive language abilities?

A

Expressive language abilities in ASD vary widely, from being non-verbal to having fluent speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does early diagnosis affect ASD outcomes?

A

Early diagnosis and intervention improve outcomes by helping individuals develop communication, social, and behavioral skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are environmental factors linked to ASD?

A

Factors include chemical pollutants, heavy metal toxicity, very high-risk pregnancies, and certain infections affecting brain development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does parental age affect ASD risk?

A

Older or very young parents are at increased risk of having children with ASD due to potential genetic abnormalities or complications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percentage of individuals with ASD are boys?

A

Approximately four times as many boys as girls have autism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which country has the highest prevalence of autism?

A

Qatar has the highest rate of autism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which country has the lowest prevalence of autism?

A

France has the lowest rate of autism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

At what age can ASD be diagnosed?

A

Symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life, but ASD can be diagnosed as early as six months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are common symptoms affecting daily life in individuals with ASD?

A

Symptoms include difficulty with communication, restrictive/repetitive behaviors, and challenges functioning in school, work, and other areas of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is autism called a spectrum?

A

It encompasses a wide range of behavioral problems, from severe impairment to high-functioning conditions like Asperger syndrome.

28
Q

What are the benefits of early intervention for ASD?

A

Early intervention improves communication, social skills, and daily functioning, leading to better long-term outcomes.

29
Q

What are some sensory sensitivities in ASD?

A

Individuals with ASD may be overly sensitive to light, sound, touch, temperature, or clothing.

30
Q

What manual provides diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A

The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition).

31
Q

What are the two main criteria for diagnosing ASD according to DSM-5?

A

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive behaviors.

32
Q

What are the three areas of social communication deficits in ASD per DSM-5?

A
  1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity. 2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors for social interaction. 3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
33
Q

What type of behaviors are associated with ASD under restricted and repetitive patterns?

A
  1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech. 2. Insistence on sameness and inflexible adherence to routines. 3. Highly restricted, fixated interests. 4. Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input.
34
Q

When must ASD symptoms be present for a diagnosis?

A

Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period.

35
Q

What distinguishes ASD from intellectual disability in terms of diagnosis?

A

Social communication must be below the expected level for general developmental ability for a dual diagnosis of ASD and intellectual disability.

36
Q

What are the three severity levels for ASD?

A

Level 1: Requires support, Level 2: Requires substantial support, Level 3: Requires very substantial support.

37
Q

What social communication deficits characterize ASD Level 1?

A

Difficulty initiating social interactions and decreased interest in social interactions, despite being able to speak in full sentences.

38
Q

What behaviors define ASD Level 1 restricted, repetitive behaviors?

A

Inflexibility of behavior that causes significant interference with functioning and difficulty switching between activities.

39
Q

What social communication deficits characterize ASD Level 2?

A

Marked deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, limited initiation of social interactions, and abnormal responses to social overtures.

40
Q

What defines restricted, repetitive behaviors at ASD Level 2?

A

Inflexibility, difficulty coping with change, and behaviors that interfere with functioning across contexts.

41
Q

What social communication deficits characterize ASD Level 3?

A

Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, minimal response to social overtures, and very limited initiation of interactions.

42
Q

What defines restricted, repetitive behaviors at ASD Level 3?

A

Extreme difficulty coping with change and behaviors that markedly interfere with functioning in all areas.

43
Q

What level of ASD requires 24/7 care?

A

Level 3, as patients may lack awareness of potential dangers and require one-on-one specialized education.

44
Q

What distinguishes children with ASD Level 1 from Level 2?

A

Level 1 children can attend regular schooling and have better communication skills, while Level 2 children have poor language and limited social interactions.

45
Q

What distinguishes children with ASD Level 2 from Level 3?

A

Level 2 children have restricted/repetitive behaviors and require substantial support, while Level 3 children have severe communication deficits and require very substantial support.

46
Q

What are the two stages in diagnosing autism in young children?

A

Stage 1: General Developmental Screening during well-child checkups. Stage 2: Additional Diagnostic Evaluation.

47
Q

When does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend developmental delay screenings for children?

A

At 9-, 18-, and 24- or 30-month well-child visits, with specific autism screenings at 18- and 24-month visits.

48
Q

What factors warrant additional ASD screenings for a child?

A

Being at high risk for ASD or other developmental problems.

49
Q

What evaluations are included in the Additional Diagnostic Evaluation for autism?

A

Medical and neurological exams, cognitive abilities, speech and language assessment, behavior observation, caregiver interviews, and assessment of daily living skills.

50
Q

What are the treatment options available for ASD?

A

Behavior programs, education and learning programs, medications, and other therapies.

51
Q

What are the types of behavioral programs for ASD?

A

Early intensive behavioral intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, and social skills training.

52
Q

What is a disadvantage of behavioral programs for ASD?

A

Behavior tends to return if the programs are discontinued.

53
Q

What are the goals of behavioral programs for ASD?

A

Address social skills, attention, sleep, play, anxiety, parent interaction, and challenging behaviors.

54
Q

What is the recommended duration for behavioral programs for ASD?

A

Up to 25 hours per week, lasting 12 weeks to 3 years, or as long as the child needs it.

55
Q

What role does the multidisciplinary model play in ASD treatment?

A

It involves collaboration among the family, medical community, and school system to provide holistic care.

56
Q

What types of schools can help individuals with ASD maximize their potential?

A

Specialized schools for high-functioning individuals capable of attending college and working.

57
Q

What are the main barriers to accessing specialized schools for individuals with ASD?

A

High associated expenses make these schools unaffordable for many families.

58
Q

How does social interaction in patients with autism change with age?

A

Social interaction often improves with therapy, as seen through increased eye contact and other behaviors.

59
Q

What happens to children with ASD who do not receive therapy or consultations?

A

They may develop more challenging behaviors, which can worsen over time without proper treatment or medication.

60
Q

What comorbid conditions are common in individuals with autism?

A

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorders, ADHD, and aggression.

61
Q

What percentage of children with autism also have ADHD?

A

Nearly 40%.

62
Q

What is the role of medications in ASD treatment?

A

They address behavioral issues and sleep problems.

63
Q

What is the importance of recognizing a patient’s potential in ASD treatment?

A

It helps place them in schools or programs where they can fully maximize their abilities.

64
Q

Who are potential providers on a treatment team for children with ASD?

A

A multidisciplinary team involving the family, medical professionals, and the school system.

65
Q

What happens to untreated aggressive behaviors in individuals with ASD?

A

They may escalate, potentially requiring antipsychotic medications.

PEDIATRICS (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions