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Habilitación Instrumental (IR) > PBN 3.1 Introduction to Area Navigation and PBN > Flashcards

PBN 3.1 Introduction to Area Navigation and PBN Flashcards

1
Q

How do acft normally navigate?

A

Using external electronic guidance or self-contained information

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2
Q

By what is external guidance provided?

A

NAVAIDs (ground-based navigation aids)
GNSS (global navigation satellite system)

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3
Q

What do NAVAIDs include?

A

NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons)
VORs (Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Ranges)

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4
Q

How were route structures historically developed?

A

Between NAVAIDs

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5
Q

Which known as?

A

Conventional Navigation

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6
Q

How were routes defined?

A

By the geographical positions of NAVAIDs or fixes based on the intersection of radials from two NAVAIDs or a distance and a bearing from one

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7
Q

What were the acft required to do?

A

Overfly these NAVAIDs and fixes

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8
Q

What happened to some European NAVAIDs in the 1980s?

A

They started to become saturated with the number of ATS routes focussing on a single navigation station

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9
Q

What was used to relieve NAVAID saturation?

A

Navigation computers

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10
Q

When was Area Navigation initially introduced as a mandate for en-route operations in Europe?

A

April 23rd, 1998

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11
Q

What did the mandate for “Basic Area Navigation (B-RNAV) require acft to fly?

A

Fly waypoint to waypoint with a performance of +/- 5 NM

Today this application is known as RNAV5

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12
Q

Are waypoints co-located with NAVAIDs?

A

Not necessarily

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13
Q

How many waypoints could be stored in the 1970s?

A

4

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14
Q

What’s the ICAO Definition of Area Navigatoin?

A

a method of navigation which permits acft opertaion on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground-based or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of self-contained aids, or a combination of these

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15
Q

What does area navigation allow the acft to fly?

A

Legs between points called “waypoints”, which are not necessarily co-located with ground-based navigational aids

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16
Q

For what purpose is Area Navigation the key enabler?

A

Performance Based Navigation (PBN)

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17
Q

What’s the ICAO definition of a Waypoint?

A

A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an acf employing area navigation

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18
Q

As what is a waypoint defined?

A

A geographic coordinate (in WGS84)

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19
Q

How is it identified?

A

either as:

  • 5-letter unique name code: e.g. PRADO
  • If located with a ground-based NAVAID, by the 3 letter ICAO identifier for that station: e.g. TEB
  • For Terminal Airspace only, by an alphanumeric name code, e.g. MD016
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20
Q

How can an acft fly to and from waypoints?

A

For terminal operations:

-Fly-by
- Fly-over

For en-route operations:

most waypoints are treated as fly-by, althouth some nav specifications may allow the option of flying over the point

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21
Q

What’s an Area Navigation Route?

A

An RNAV route is an Air Traffic Services (ATS) route established for the use of aircraft capable of employing Area Navigation

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22
Q

How are RNAV routes defined?

A

By significant points called Waypoints

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23
Q

How are Waypoints in RNAV routes defined?

A

By coordinates

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24
Q

What path can RNAV routes follow?

A

Any desired path, they are not constrained by the position of ground-based NAVAIDs

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25
Q

What acft can navigate effectively to these waypoints?

A

Acft equipped with an on-board navigation computer.

Commonly referred to as an RNAV system

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26
Q

How is the acft position calculted by the RNAV system?

A

using inputs from one or more of the following:

DME/DME
VOR/DME
GNSS
IRS/INS

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27
Q

How does an acft fly a route with an rnav system?

A

With an on-board navigation computer

It may or not have an integrated navigation data base

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28
Q

To what is the data in the database specific?

A

To an Aircraft Operator’s (AO’s) requirements

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29
Q

From where is this data taken?

A

From the States’ Aeronautical Information Publications (AIPs)

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30
Q

In what form?

A
  • Route structures
  • Operational procedures
  • Navigation Aids (NAVAIDs)
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31
Q

How is the intended flight path created?

A

By the pilot, selecting or inputting a series of waypoints into the navigation computer

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32
Q

How does the navigation computer define the required flightpath?

A

By linking the waypoints together, using the database

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33
Q

What if there is no database?

A

Pilots must manually insert all waypoint data

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34
Q

Where is the intended flightpath displayed?

A

On the ND (navigation display)

35
Q

How are flightpath displayed in simple RNAV systems and what about in map displays?

A
  • Lateral deviation from the required track is only displayed in Simple RNAV systems
  • In a map display the RNAV system displays the intended flightpath
36
Q

How is acft position calculated?

A

Ground-based or space-based sensors
- NAVAIDs
- On board INS

37
Q

How are coordinates of ground-based NAVAIDs taken?

A

From the database

38
Q

To what is the accuracy and consistency of the acft’s ability to fly the desired path subjected?

A

Aircraft capabilities and on-board functionalities

39
Q

RNAV System Functoinality

What does the RNAV system integrate?

A

Information from:

  • Sensors
  • Inputs from its internal database and crew entered data
40
Q

What does this data information provide?

A
  • Navigation
  • Flight Plan Management (referencing waypoints, not ground-based NAVAIDs)
  • Guidance & Control
  • Display & System Control
41
Q

To what is an RNAV system designed an certified?

A

To provide a particular level of navigation accuracy with repeatable and predictable path definition

42
Q

What does the navigation function compute?

A

Acft position
Velocity
Track Angle
etc

43
Q

Where is this data displayed?

A

On the Navigation Display (ND) or a Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)

It may be displayed on the Flight Director and fed to the autopilot

44
Q

What does the Flight Plan Management function use and for what?

A

Internal database
To compute the reference path (defined path)

45
Q

How does the RNAV system provide lateral guidance?

A

By comparing the acft’s estimated position using the most accurate navigation sensor fitted to the acft, with the defined lateral path to generate steering commands

46
Q

What must the required navigation accuracy of an aircraft take into account?

A

All of the errors, this is referred as:

Total System Error (TSE)

47
Q

What are the causes of these errors?

A
  • Defined path may not exactly match the desired path
  • Aircraft’s actual position may not coincide with its estimated position
  • Ability of the pilot or the avionics to fly from the estimated position onto the defined path
48
Q

What’s the error when the aircraft is certified?

A

Aircraft is capable of flying the required performance 95% of the flight time with all of the errors combined

49
Q

Introduction to PBN

What’s the evolution of PBN?

A

Required Navigation Performance (RNP) concept was replaced by the PBN in 2007

50
Q

What are the names of both old and new manuals?

A

Manual on RNP, ICAO Doc 9613-AN/937 Edition 2, replaced by

PBN Manual, ICAO Doc 9613-AN/937 Edition 3

51
Q

What’s the shift that PBN introduces?

A

Move to a more extensive statement of required performance in terms of:

  • Accuracy
  • Integrity
  • Continuity
  • Availability

of GNSS signal in space, together with descriptions of how this performance is to be achieved in terms of:

  • Aircraft functionality
  • Navigation Sensors
  • Crew requirements
52
Q

Why are global definitons of terms provided?

A

To remove any previous regional differences

53
Q

For what are the set of globally compatible Navigation Specifications provided?

A

To be used as a basis for local or regional Navigation Applications in the:

  • Enroute
  • Terminal
  • Approach environments
54
Q

On what is the Navigation element of an Airspace Concept based?

A

On PBN

55
Q

The PBN Manual

Into how many parts is it divided?

A

2 Volumes

  • Volume 1 covers the PBN Concept and implementation guidance
    • Part A:
      • Description of PBN Concept
      • Airspace concepts as they relate to PBN and stakeholder uses
        of PBN
    • Part B: provides extensive guidance on how to implement PBN by
      following 2 set processes
      • Process 1: Identifying ICAO Navigation Specification for
        implementation
      • Process 2: Validation and implementation planning
  • Volume 2 covers general information related to all the Navigation Specifications, as well as the navigation specification for each operation
    • Part A:
      - Details on use and scope of Navigation Specifications
      - On-board performance monitoring
      - Alerting
      - Safety assessment
    • Part B:
      - Details on implementing operations NOT requiring:
      - on-board performance monitoring and alerting and
      safety assessment (RNAV Specifications)
    • Part C:
      - Details on implementing operations requiring:
      - on-board performance monitoring and alerting (RNP
      Specifications)

Beware of the appendices and attachments pertinent to specific Navigational Specifications

56
Q

What are the PBN benefits?

A
  • Identifies which crew procedures, RNAV system functoinalities and navigation sensors are capable of achieving the required performance, which wasn’t the case in the RNP concept
57
Q

What was the drawback of RNP’s focus on navigation accuracy?

A

Resulted in diverse regional implementation
Lack of harmonisation and of interoperability

58
Q

What does the PBN Manual describe to addres the weaknesses of the RNP concept?

A
  • Coherent concept
  • Implementation guidance
  • Detailed Navigation Specifications
  • Global framework with boundaries in which future regional Navigation Specifications and Navigation Applications can be developed
  • Clarifies ways in which are navigation systems are used
  • Avoids need for development of sensor specific routes and procedures
  • Allows more efficient use of airspace
59
Q

What are the European Mandates for PBN?

A

2 Implementing Regulations covering the use of PBN in European Airspace:

  • Pilot Project Implementing Regulation (PCP IR) - 716/2014
    PBN Implementing Regulation (PBN IR) - EU 2018/1048
60
Q

What are the three components of the PBN concept?

A

Navigation Application
Navigation Specification
NAVAID structure

61
Q

What’s the Navigation Aid (NAVAID) Infrastructure?

A

Ground, space-based NAVAIDs or on-board capabilities which support or provide positioning capability

62
Q

What’s the Navigation Specification?

A

details the acft and flight crew requirements needed to support PBN operations
- A Nav specification is either a RNP specification or an RNAV specification
- RNP specifications include a requirement for on-board performance monitoring and alerting functionality, whilst RNAV specifications do not

63
Q

What’s the Navigation Application?

A

application of a Navigation Specification and the supporting NAVAID infrastructure to specific routes, procedures and/or defined airspace volumes

64
Q

Of what is the NAVAID infrastructure comprised?

A

NAVAIDs that support or provide the positioning capabilities

  • Ground:
    • VOR
    • DME
      Note 1:
    • TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) may be used provided the system meets specific criteria
      Note 2:
    • NDB is not an acceptable NAVAID for PBN
  • Space
    • GNSS: the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) together with augmentation (ABAS/SBAS)
    • GLONASS (in the future) together with Galileo and Beidou will become further core elements of GNSS
  • On-Board
    • INS
65
Q

What do States need to consider ?

A

NAVAID infrastructure and their NAVAID policiy when implementing PBN Implemention Regulation

Each state should consider level of ground-based infrastructure required for contingency operations should the GNSS signals be lost

66
Q

What do the Navigation Secifications define?

A

The performance required of the area navigation computer together with any aircraft and aircrew requirements to support the required performance level

67
Q

What does each Navigation Specification have?

A

A designator, e.g. RNAV 5, RNAV 1, RNP 1, RNP APCH, RNP (AR) APCH

68
Q

What does the number of the designator represent?

A

Maximum lateral track accuracy, in NM, that must be met for at least 95% of the flight time

69
Q

What’s the required lateral track accuracy?

A

Combination of all the system errors combined.

Known as TSE and the aircraft will be certified to that performance

70
Q

What happens when there is no number displayed for a Navigation Specification?

A

Indicates a different lateral track performance requirement in different phases of flight

71
Q

What should be noted about the accuracy limit?

A

It is only one of the performance requirements for PBN procedures.

72
Q

Where are ICAO Navigation Specifications detailed?

A

In Volume II of the PBN Manual

73
Q

For what are the ICAO Navigation Specifications designed?

A
  • Satisfy global requirements
  • Globally compatible
  • Limited to provide global harmony
74
Q

What do these Navigation Specifications minimise?

A

The impact on implementation costs for existing aircraft and systems

75
Q

What’s a Navigation Application?

A

It is the application of a Navigation Specification together with a NAVAID Infrastrucure on a specific Air Traffic Services (ATS) route or procedure, or in an airspace volume

76
Q

What does the designator of a Navigation Application match?

A

The corresponding Navigation Specification

77
Q

By what are RNAV and RNP Applications supported?

A

By RNAV Specifications and RNP Specifications respectively

78
Q

Where can we find the designation of the required Navigation Specification plus any established limitation imposed for the particular Navigation Application?

A

They will be detailed in charts and in Aeronautical Information Publications (AIPs)

79
Q

PB within the Airspace Concept

What does PBN support?

A

As it is not a stand-alone concept, it is one of the elements that support the strategic objectives of the Airspace Concept, together with:

  • Communications
  • Surveillance
  • ATM
80
Q

How can an Airspace Concept be viewed as?

A

As a master plan or vision for a particular airspace

81
Q

What do Specific Navigation Application support? What do they provide?

A

Specific Airspace Concepts. They provide a context for a Navigational Specification

82
Q

What do European mandates require?

A

RNAV 5 on the en-route ATS route structre

RNAV 1, as a minimum, for SIDs, STARs and transitions

RNP APCH for each instrument runway end (IRE)

83
Q

What must a State take into account when it defines its own requirements?

A
  • Functionality of their existing fleet and available NAVAID Infrastructure
  • Capabilities of their communications
  • ATS surveillance infrastructure
  • ATM system
84
Q

Does available infrastructure affect the application of a Navigation Specification?

A

Yes, it may place restrictions and therefore requirements may vary from State to State

Habilitación Instrumental (IR) (23 decks)

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