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351 - Fundamentals of Learning > Pavlovian Conditioning > Flashcards

Pavlovian Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

simplest mechanism whereby organisms learn about relations between one event and another

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2
Q

what does classical conditioning allow

A

to anticipate what is about to happen and take the right action

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3
Q

what was pavlov’s first work

A

measured psychic secretions in response to food stimulus, studied digestion in dogs

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4
Q

what was pavlovs discovery when studying digestion

A

dogs would salivate in response to the sight of food the person feeding them

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5
Q

what did pavlov believe his studies could inform people about

A

mechanisms of association learning
functions of the nervous system

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6
Q

who discovered classical conditioning at approximately the same time as pavlov

A

edwin twitmyer

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7
Q

what did edwin twitmyer study, what were the results of his study

A

patellar tendon reflex, delivered light tap below knee, bell warned the tap (0.5sec)
bell accidentally presented alone: conditioned relfex

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8
Q

how is edwin twitmyers’ study unique

A

first experimental demonstration of classical conditioning in human being

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9
Q

give an example of unconditioned simple reflex

A

withdraw hand from heat, salivate to food, startle to loud noise

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10
Q

what is conditioning

A

when an external phenomena is associated with a definite response of the organism through connections in the brain

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11
Q

conditioned reflexes (temporary reflexes) will form, persist or disappear only _____________________

A

under certain conditions

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12
Q

what did pavlov believe studying temporary reflexes in dogs could tell

A

understanding the many complex relations the dog has to the outside world

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13
Q

what is pavlovian conditioning

A

learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capability of evoking a response from a previously non-neutral stimulus

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14
Q

describe the steps to create a pavlovian conditioning

A
  1. neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with reward/punishment (Unconditioned stimulus/UCS) that normally produces an unconditioned response (UR)
  2. neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS), capable of eliciting a conditioned response (CR) similar to the UCR
    BREF: UCS –> UCR
    NS+UCS–>UCR
    CS–>CR
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15
Q

Describe the little albert experiment in pavlovian conditioning terms

A

UCS: loud noise
UCR: crying

UCS+CS: loud noise with rat
CR: crying

CS: rat
CR: crying

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16
Q

what were the questions the scientists were trying to answer with the little albert case

A
  1. can fear of a rat be conditioned by coinciding visual presentation with a loud noise
  2. If the fear of conditioning can be established, will there be transfer to other animals or objects
  3. How does time affect the conditioned emotional response
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17
Q

What concept is it when the fear conditioning is transferred to other animals or objects

A

generalization

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18
Q

how does time affect the conditioned emotional response

A

initial fear conditioning and transfers persisted for a few months can last for life
if more exposure without sound, would be ok
no extinction = still traumatized
dont need memory of the conditioning to have response

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19
Q

Possible methods do remove the learned conditioning

A

habituation/fatique of the reflex: present rat without sound over and over
reconditioning by stimulating erogenous zones
reconditioning by feeding candy or other food with the animal
building constructive activities around the object suggesting manipulation (play with building blocks with rat present)

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20
Q

what is it called when fear and anxiety lead to serious psychological and behavioral problems

A

post-traumatic stress disorder

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21
Q

what are the goals of fear conditioning research

A

understand how fear is acquired
what are the neural mechanisms
how it can be treated or attenuated (behavioral and pharmacological techniques)

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22
Q

what is contextual fear conditioning and what part of the brain is associated with it

A

shock paired with distinctive context/chamber
hippocampus

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23
Q

what is auditory fear conditioning and what part of the brain is associated with it

A

shock paired with distinctive tone
amygdala

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24
Q

what are the results of the fear studies

A

increased freezing to CS when repeated exposure to shock with CS

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25
Q

indirect measures of fear conditioning measure what

A

conditioned suppression

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26
Q

what measures are used to measure conditioned suppresion

A

lick suppression
response suppression

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27
Q

describe the lick suppression

A

thirsty animals given access to water and fear CS: interrupt their drinking

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28
Q

describe the response suppression

A

animals trained to respond for food before being presented with a fear CS

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29
Q

what is eyeblink conditioning

A

presentation of a tone (CS), then puff of air to the eye (UCS) which provokes eyeblink (UCR)

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30
Q

what has eyeblink conditioning research been useful for

A

translation research
learning located in the cerebellum

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31
Q

what has eyeblink conditioning research discovered

A

help uncover many neurobiological substrates of learning

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32
Q

what has the eyeblink conditioning research in infants shown

A

the importance of contiguity and contingency
close in time and predictive

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33
Q

describe the eyeblink conditioning research in infants

A

paired group: CS–>air puff
Unpaired gr: CS =/= puff

the paired gr had a strong CR in session 2

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34
Q

what are examples of classical conditioning in your life
positive/rewarding
negative/aversive

A

+: seeing server walk with food = :) think its our food
-: submit assignment late = -10%

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35
Q

what are the necessary elements for classical conditioning

A

UCS (appetitive or aversive)
neutral stimulus
repeatedly PAIR CS with UCS

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36
Q

how aware does the participant need to be during classical conditioning

A

none, associations are passive
conscious awareness is not necessary

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37
Q

what did Twitmyer conclude about the participants awareness after his study

A

CR was unintentional, and subjects were unable to prevent the response even when they wanted to

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38
Q

is pavlovian conditioning restricted to reflexes?

A

no, we approach cues that predict reward

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39
Q

what is the pavlovian conditioned approach

A

measures our approach to predictive CSs

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40
Q

what is another name for pavlovian conditioned approach

A

autoshaping

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41
Q

describe a pavlovian conditioned approach experiment

A

CS (cue) presentation paired with UCS (food)
lever presented with a tone prior to delivery of food
animal doesnt need to press lever but does

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42
Q

what is passive pairing

A

animal not required to do anything but does, they shape their own behavior

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43
Q

what are sign-trackers (STs)

A

CS becomes strong predictor of reward
CS is attributed with incentive (reward)
CS is approached and engaged

44
Q

what are Goal-trackers (GTs)

A

go to location of food delivery upon presentation of CS
CS has strong predictive value, but limited incentive value (not attractive)

45
Q

what are intermediates of sign-trackers and goal-trackers

A

animals carry out +/- equivalent of both behaviors

46
Q

what does autoshaping highlight

A

importance of individual differences in response to our environment

47
Q

does sign tracking occur in humans

A

yes

48
Q

how is a food cue different CS for STs and GTs

A

good CS for both
not attractive/desired incentive stimulus in GTs

49
Q

what was initially thought of individual differences between ST and GT

A

poor experimental control

50
Q

is sign-tracking correlated with individual differences

A

yes, impulsivity adn vulnerability to drug abuse

51
Q

why are STs more prone to addiction and/or relapse

A

excessive attraction to cues means they can more easily cause cravings and relapse

52
Q

do STs or GTs self-administer cocaine faster

A

both the same rate

53
Q

do STs or GTs work harder to self-administer cocaine

A

ST: work harder if price (effort) of infusion increases

54
Q

do STs or GTs rely heavily on presence of discrete cues to self-administer cocaine

A

ST

55
Q

brain manipulations that increase dopamine in brain reward pathways increase ________

A

sign-tracking

56
Q

how does reward uncertainty affect sing-tracking

A

increases it

57
Q

how certain in autoshaping

A

100%-1
each CS predicts 1 pellet

58
Q

what is the probability and magnitude of uncertainty with sign-tracking

A

(50%-1-2-3) increases sign-tracking
1/2 CSs predict 1,2 or 3 pellets, the rest =0

59
Q

what could the implications of ST and GT be important for

A

gambling

60
Q

what did john garcia discover

A

is rats become nauseated after presented with a new taste, they will avoid that taste

61
Q

what is the term for avoiding a taste when you get nauseated after eating it

A

conditioned taste aversion / the garcia effect

62
Q

T or F
for conditioning taste aversion to occur, the unconditioned response (sickness) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus-to-be (taste)

A

F, conditioned taste aversion happens even if the illness happens several hours after the new taste

63
Q

why does the conditioned taste aversion happen even after hours of delay

A

adaptation: thats how long it takes for digested food to make us sick usually

64
Q

what is the conditioned taste aversion

A

novel food or taste/flavor is paired with sickness

65
Q

can CTA still occur if the sickness was not caused by the food itsself

A

yes

66
Q

how is sickness induced in rats to study CTA

A

injection of Lithium Chloride LiCl or radiation

67
Q

how is CTA measured in rats

A

taste preference measured in qt of fluid consumed the following day

68
Q

is you have chicken with grapefruit and then get sick, what is most likely to develop CTA to and why

A

grapefruit, have a lot more experiences with chicken where u didnt get sick, but few with grapefruit so CTA is associated with that (novel/rare/different tastes more likely to cause CTA)

69
Q

how does CTA impact chemotherapy

A

dont eat food u like before therapy, you will be sick and develop CTA to the food you last ate even if it is not what made you sick

70
Q

can stimulus generalization occur with CTA? ex?

A

yes, oranges and clementines

71
Q

CTA is a rare example of what type of learning

A

single-trial, most pavlovian conditioning require multiple trials, except fear

72
Q

how does the intensity of the CTA vary as the delay between ingestion and sickness increases

A

it decreases

73
Q

what substance can also produce CTA

A

drugs of abuse such as amphetamine

74
Q

what is evaluative condition

A

flavor conditioning can influence the palatability of a neutral flavor depending on what it is paired with

75
Q

Can any neutral stimulus become a CS

A

yes.. but depends on UCS, what you are trying to condition and how

76
Q

What did garcia discover about CTA and how to condition it

A

develop CTA only with taste and smells, not sight or sound

77
Q

through what senses can fear conditioning be learnt

A

sight and sound, not taste and smell

78
Q

what was believed about what could be a CS for a UCS before garcia

A

any perceivable stimulus (light, sound, taste) could become a CS for any UCS

79
Q

what is the CS-US interval

A

time between CS and UCS

80
Q

what is the intertrial interval

A

time btw CS-UCS and the next pairing

81
Q

what is short delayed conditioning

A

CS starts trial
US presented after a brief delay (overlap)

82
Q

what is trace condiitoning

A

CS presented
once its done, US presented (delay)

83
Q

what is long-delayed conditioning

A

like short-delayed conditioning
but CS is long, so longer interval
US presented while CS is still going

84
Q

what is simultaneous codnitioning

A

CS and US shown at same time

85
Q

what is backward conditioning

A

US presented first, then CS

86
Q

what is the optimal form of classical conditioning

A

depends on task and neural circuit involved!

87
Q

what is the temporal coding hypothesis

A

classical conditioning is learning what to expect and WHEN to expect it

88
Q

what could the interval btw the CS and US affect

A

strength of learning and what information is being learnt

89
Q

what is the result of the study that measured temporal coding hypothesis

A

CR for the first puff, then slowly learn to blink for the second one too (the longer the delay, the slower the acquisition)

90
Q

how could we measure the magnitude and frequency of the CR

A

test trials where CS is presented alone

91
Q

what is explicitly unpaired control

A

CS and US are presented far apart to prevent their association, but total nb of CS and US is the same as the conditioned group

92
Q

what is pseudo-conditioning

A

presentation of the US alone increases responding (blink cuz random puffs of air!)

93
Q

what is one of the primary purposes of pavlovian conditioning

A

predicting outcome of behavior

94
Q

what is inhibitory pavlovian conditioning

A

learning to predict the absence of an outcome

95
Q

why is inhibitory pavlovian conditioning important

A

unpredictability or uncertainty about a negative outcome can be very aversive, also allows to predict when bad things will not happen

96
Q

what is a conditioned inhibitor

A

signal for the absence of the US

97
Q

what is needed for a conditioned inhibition to occur

A

excitatory association between CS and UCS

98
Q

how does inhibitory conditioning work

A

have CS+ that predicts food
then present CS- that will not have a UCS

99
Q

give an example of inhibitory conditioning experiment

A

L+F–>S
L+T–>(S)
repeat
L+T–>nothing

100
Q

what was discovered when observed that inhibitory conditioning worked

A

tone is an inhibitor, because stops the salvation from scratching

101
Q

what is the result of light+tone+metronome paired with food

A

salivation, which impllies that metronome inhibits the inhibition

102
Q

what is a negative contingency situation

A

CS- signals taht UCS is less likely to occur

103
Q

T or F. negative contingency inhibits a conditioned response

A

no, it signals the absence of the UCS

104
Q

how did pavlov show that conditioned inhibition could be measured

A

the absence of the CR (salivation) using a compound stimulus or summation test (CS+ + CS- gives no CR

105
Q

what is the retardation of acquisition test

A

if sound previously associated with a nothing, will take longer to pair light and sound with food than if it was just the light that had no association

106
Q

T or F. conditioned inhibition is the process of unlearning conditioned stimulus

A

F, learning a new rule on top of old rule

351 - Fundamentals of Learning (11 decks)

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