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351 - Fundamentals of Learning > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is learning and memory

A

L: acquisition of new information
M: retention of learned info

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2
Q

T.F. the way and place info is stored can change over time

A

T

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3
Q

what is the first division of categories of memory

A

explicit (declarative
implicit (non-declarative)

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4
Q

what are the divisions of declarative memory

A

semantic (facts)
episodic (events)

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5
Q

what are characteristics of declarative memory

A

easy to form and forget
accessible to conscious recollection

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6
Q

what is included in non-declarative memory

A

procedural memory: motor skills, habits

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7
Q

what are characteristics about non-declarative memory

A

requires repetition to form, less likely to be forgotten
doesnt need conscious recollection

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8
Q

what does procedural memory link

A

sensations to movement
learning a motor response in reaction to a sensory input

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9
Q

what are further categories of non-declarative learning

A

non-associative learning
- habituation
- sensitization
associative learning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning

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10
Q

what are other types of declarative memory

A

working memory
short-term memories
long-term memories

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11
Q

characteristics of short-term memories

A

stores facts and events
converted to long-term
disrupted by head trauma, electro convulsive therapy (ECT), intoxication

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12
Q

characteristics of long-term memories

A

recalled months or years later
less susceptible to disruption

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13
Q

characteristics of working memory

A

temporary storage, lasts seconds, sensitive to distractions, limited capacity, requires rehearsal to keep something in mind

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14
Q

where does working memory occur in the brain

A

neocortex, numerous brain locations

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15
Q

how can you improve working memory

A

chunking (grouping numbers (phone #))

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16
Q

how can we test working memory

A

wisconsin card sorting task and delayed-response task

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17
Q

what type of lesions can impair working memory

A

prefrontal cortex

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18
Q

what is amnesia

A

serious loss of memory and/or ability to learn

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19
Q

what types of amnesia are there

A

limited, dissociated, transient global, retrograde, anterograde

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20
Q

what is limited amnesia

A

most common, caused by trauma
typically occurs with non-memory cognitive deficits

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21
Q

what is dissociated amnesia

A

rare
no other cognitive deficits

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22
Q

what is transient global amnesia

A

sudden and short-lasting global amnesia resulting from temporal ischemia and causes memory gaps

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23
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss for things prior to brain trauma
can be all episodic M
typically most severe or recent events, then goes down

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24
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories after brain trauma
learning could just be slower
affects most episodic M, procedural M is usually good

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25
Q

in most clinical cases, people suffer more of retrograde or anterograde amnesia

A

mixture of both

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26
Q

who taught rats to run rat mazes

A

karl lashley

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27
Q

what did karl lashley say/discover

A

cortical lesions produced memory deficits (rat maze)
lesion size>location correlates with deficit
speculated all cortical areas contribute equally (equipotential)

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28
Q

what was kept and what was rejected from karl lashleys theories

A

equipotential disproved
memory traces/engrams can be widely distributed in the brain

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29
Q

what did D.O. Hebb believe

A

external events are represented in a network of simultaneously active cortical cells

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30
Q

what (in cells) accounts for working memory

A

cell assembly, reverberatory activity in the network of cell

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31
Q

how does consolidation happen according to Hebb

A

by growth process
cells that fire together, wire together

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32
Q

what does the engram of cell assembly involve according to Hebb

A

widely distributed linked cells
neurons involved in sensation and perception

33
Q

what happens to the cell assembly when a visual stimulus like a circle appears

A

circle activates a cell assembly
they continue to be active in absence of circle
repeated activity strengthens connections creating an engram/memory
partial activation of the engram can recall the entire memory
memory could be retained even after partial damage to the engram

34
Q

where are declarative memories stored

A

neocortex

35
Q

where are declarative initially encoded

A

medial temporal lobe : hippocampus

36
Q

what are medial temporal lobes important for in declarative memory

A

consolidation and storage

37
Q

how did they demonstrate that medial temporal lobes are important in declarative memories

A

electrical stimulation in temporal lobe
neural recordings from the temporal lobe
amnesia due to temporal lobe damage

38
Q

what did wilder penfield found

A

montreal neurological institue (MNI)

39
Q

what did wilder penfield do

A

treat patients with severe epilepsy
stimulated brain of awake patients with electrical probes under local anesthesia and observed their responses
i can smell burnt toast

40
Q

what did wilder penfield contribute to neuroscience

A

map of motor and sensory homunculus
discovered punctate declarative memories in temporal lobes (ppl described hallucinations or recollections of past experiences)

41
Q

what brain damage did henry molaison suffer from

A

removal of temporal lobes to cure seizures

42
Q

what were the consequences of the lobotomy on HM

A

no effect on perception, intelligence and personality
anterograde amnesia, cant perform basic human activities
partial retrograde amnesia
impaired declarative memory
good procedural memory

43
Q

could HM perform the mirror drawing challenge

A

yes (procedural memory)

44
Q

why was is hard to recreate the deficits of HM in animals

A

they could still learn mazes

45
Q

what test showed deficits similar to HM in animals

A

delayed matching-to-sample and delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS) in macaques
recognition memory task
shown A, then A and new B, rewarded for either choosing the same or new stimulus

46
Q

what brain structures seem important in memory deficits seen in DNMS

A

hippocampus and rhinal cortex

47
Q

what is the Koraskoff’s syndrome

A

confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy

48
Q

what are the causes of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

chronic alcoholism, thiamin/vitamin B deficiency

49
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is due to lesions is what area in the brain

A

dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies

50
Q

who had the Korsakoff’s syndrome and what happened

A

Jimmie G, 49
intelligence and childhood, adolescence memory intact
severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia
blunted feelings but forget the reason for the emotion
stuck in a single moment of living

51
Q

T.F. memory formation, retention, retrieval involve a system of interconnected brain areas

A

T

52
Q

what are the roles of the hippocampus

A

binds sensory information for memory consolidation
spatial memory, location of objects of behavioral importance
storage of memories for some length of time

53
Q

hippocampal lesions affect performance of what task

A

radial arm maze, cant get food from baited arms
morris water maze, learning the location of the platform

54
Q

what are place cells

A

in hippocampus
fire when animal is in or thinks its in a specific place
dynamic, alter place fields based on behavioral needs

55
Q

T.F. place cells are confirmed in humans

A

F
PET imaging shows hippocampal activity to spatial navigation of a virtual town

56
Q

what are grid cells

A

entorhinal cortex
respond when animal is at multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid
how the brain computes space

57
Q

T.F. grid cells are confirmed in humans

A

T in entorhinal cortex

58
Q

place cells and grid cells suggest the brain region is specialized in

A

spatial navigation
entorhinal cortex sends info to hippocampus and could help form place cells

59
Q

what did HMs case bring light to about storage

A

not all hippocampal memory resides in hippocampus
could run out of space?
HM could remember war and childhood

60
Q

what is consolidation

A

process by which long-term memories are formed

61
Q

which (STM or LTM) requires local synaptic changes and which requires more permanent structural changes

A

STM = local
LTM = permanent structural changes (growth of existing and new synapses)

62
Q

what can consolidation be disrupted by

A

several amnestic treatments
electro convulsive shock (ECS)
beta-blockers (propanolol)
protein synthesis inhibitors (anisomycin)

63
Q

what are the questions that arise about consolidation

A
  1. if u block formation/expression of STM, can LTM still develop
  2. can u create a LTM in the absence of STM
64
Q

are STM and LTM separate or connected processes

A

separate parallel processes
a strong learning event triggers 2 molecular cascades:
1. rapid and short-lasting
2. slow and long-lasting

65
Q

what is cellular consolidation

A

strengthening of connections that form LTM initially occur in the hippocampus

66
Q

what is systems consolidation

A

with time and rehearsal, changes and memory move out of hippocampus and into cortical structures (hypothesis)

67
Q

distinction is sometimes made btw _______ and _______ long-term memories

A

recent ; remote

68
Q

what are the 2 meanings for consolidation

A
  1. recalling a memory initially requires hippocampus
  2. after systems consolidation, recall of a memory may be hippocampus-independent
69
Q

how do the two meanings of consolidation explain a pattern of amnesia

A

explains pattern of retrograde amnesia after hippocampal damage: new memories need hippocampus, older consolidated memories dont need hippocampus

70
Q

what plays an important role in updating and strengthening consolidated memories

A

recall, re-use, rehearsal

71
Q

what is reconsolidation

A

act of recall that can lead to additional consolidation

72
Q

why is eyewitness testimony not so reliable

A

memory reactivation can add false information

73
Q

what happens if the re-consolidation process is blocked

A

recall-dependent loss of memory = amnesia

74
Q

what happens if amnesic treatment after reactivation of a memory

A

disrupt memory reconsolidation
- weaken or erase memory
- amnesic treatments can be used in humans (propanolol)

75
Q

what are possible therapeutic applications of reconsolidation blocking

A

PTSD
cue-induced drug craving and relapse

76
Q

what does propanolol do

A

attenuate the emotional content rather than erase the memory itself

77
Q

what are the most recent studies on reconsolidation

A

disrupt the reconsolidation and reactivation with extinction
reactivate consolidated memories, followed by extinction training to modify memory

78
Q

what are the results on fear conditioning followed by reactivation with extinction

A

no spontaneous recovery when extinction was in consolidation time
spontaneous recovery for when extinction is 6hrs after
possible long-lasting effects specific to priming CS

351 - Fundamentals of Learning (11 decks)

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